Table 1.
Summary of drug combinations with FOXM1 inhibitors.
| FOXM1 Inhibitor | Drug Combination | Cancer Type | Treatment-Naïve vs. -Resistant | Rationale | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specific FOXM1 Inhibitors | |||||
| RCM-1 | Vincristine | Rhabdomyosarcoma, breast cancer, melanoma, lung, pancreatic and prostate adenocarcinoma | Naïve | Delay in mitosis, decrease in β-catenin protein |
[47,50] |
| Liposomal FOXM1 aptamer | Doxorubicin | Breast cancer | Naïve and resistant | Apoptosis induction | [53] |
| p19ARF 26-44 peptide | 4-OH-TAM (SERM) | Hormone-positive breast cancer | Resistant | Downregulation of FOXM1 target genes, downregulation of ABCG2, CDC42, and RhoB | [54] |
| FDI-6 | Olaparib (PARP inhibitor) | Pancreatic and triple-negative breast cancer | Naïve | Decrease in PARP, BRCA1, and other DDR proteins | [55,56] |
| RCM-1 | Venetoclax (BCL2 inhibitor) | AML | Naïve | Downregulation of BCLxl and suppression of FOXM-1-AKT feedback loop | [57] |
| NB73 or NB115 | Palbociclib, Ribociclib or Abemaciclib (CDK4/6 inhibitor) | Hormone-positive breast cancer | Naïve | Suppression in cell cycle progression and apoptosis induction | [58] |
| RCM-1 | 4-1BB and an anti-PD-1 inhibitor (immunotherapy) | Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colon cancer |
Naïve | Downregulation in PDL1 expression | [59,60] |
| Other FOXM1 Inhibiting Drugs | |||||
| Bortezomib | Temozolomide | High-grade glioma | Resistant | Suppression of FOXM1–Survivin axis | [61] |
| Thiostrepton | Paclitaxel | Pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer |
Naïve and resistant | Downregulation of Prohibin1, CCNB1, and CDC25B, decrease in ABCA2 expression |
[62,63] |
| Thiostrepton | Fluorouracil | Colon cancer | Resistant | Decrease in TYMS expression, decrease in ABCC10 expression. |
[64] |
| Siomycin A | Fluorouracil | Cholangiocarcinoma | Resistant | Decrease in TYMS expression | [65] |
| Ixazomib | Cytarabine | AML | Resistant | Apoptosis induction | [66] |
| Siomycin A | Bicalutamide (Antiandrogen) | Androgen-sensitive and refractory prostate cancer | Naïve and resistant | Downregulation in CDC6 gene and androgen-responsive genes; PSA and KLK2 | [67,68] |
| Bortezomib or thiostrepton | PEITC or 2-methoxyestradiol (ROS inducers) |
Pancreatic, liver, and breast cancers | Naïve | Downregulation of antioxidant enzymes and induction of oxidative stress | [69] |
| Carfilzomib | DC101 (VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody) | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Naïve | G2/M cell cycle arrest and suppression of proliferation | [70] |
| Thiostrepton | AKI603 (AURKA inhibitor) | Triple-negative breast cancer | Naïve | Suppression of cancer stem cells and FOXM1 target proteins | [71] |
| Thiostrepton | Volasertib (PLK1 inhibitor) | DLBCL | Naïve | Suppression of FOXM1 target proteins such as cyclin B1 and CHK1 | [72] |