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. 2024 Feb 1;14(2):176. doi: 10.3390/biom14020176

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Promoter proximal pausing mechanism of Pol II. Around 30–100 bases downstream of the TSS, Pol II pauses transcription due to the recruitment (blue arrow) of NELF and DSIF (Spt4 and Spt5) (1). Pausing is released when P-TEFb is recruited (blue arrow), Spt5 and NELF are phosphorylated by the CDK9 subunit of P-TEFb, and NELF dissociates (gray arrow) (2). As Pol II transitions to productive elongation, elongation factors (EFs) are recruited (blue arrow), thereby increasing Pol II elongation efficiency (green arrow) (3).