Table A1.
The biomarker potential of exosomes in glioma in recent years.
| Candidate | Source of Exosomes | Isolation Techniques | Mechanism | Results | Biomarker Potential | Year/Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hTERT transcript | Serum samples | Centrifugation and isolation kit | Telomerase activity is highly upregulated in neoplastic tissues. | Correlated with tumor volume and the disease course in glioblastomas. | A promising biomarker for predicting prognosis of GBM. | 2023 [149] |
| miRNA-19a/19b and PTEN | Serum samples | Centrifugation | Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of important cell cycle checkpoints. | Analysis showed significant deregulated expression. | Potential diagnostic biomarker in brain tumor. | 2023 [150] |
| miR-155-5p | Blood samples | Centrifugation | Targeting ACOT12 and accelerating mesenchymal transition. | Facilitate the migration and invasion. | High expression was associated with glioma diagnosis and grading. | 2022 [151] |
| exoDNA concentration | Blood samples. | Centrifugation. | DNA transported by exosomes as an excellent source of information. | The amount of circulating exoDNA is directly correlated to the total tumor volume. | A possible role of exoDNAs in the diagnosis of brain glioma. | 2022 [152] |
| CD9 and CD81 | Glioblastoma cell lines. | Centrifugation. | Associated with increased tumor-cell motility and improved tumor growth. | After irradiation, increased in supernatant when glioblastoma cells underwent cell death, particularly apoptosis. | As marker to monitor glioblastoma response to radiotherapy. | 2022 [119] |
| miR-98−5p, miR-183−5p, miR-323−3p, miR-19b-3p | Serum samples. | Unknown (from database). | Negatively regulating MAPK8IP1/FAM175B, OSMR/CASP3, FBXO32 and PTPN2. | Their expression levels in serum exosomes may represent the trend in the tumor cells. | May represent potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for GBM. | 2022 [104] |
| circ_0072083 | Serum samples. | Centrifugation. | Regulating NANOG and ALKBH5 via targeting miR-1252-5p. | Promote TMZ resistance in glioma. | Indicating a lower overall survival in glioma. | 2021 [153] |
| miR-2276-5p | Plasma samples. | Centrifugation. | Targeting RAB1. | Low expression associates with poor prognosis of patients. | A potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in glioma. | 2021 [103] |
| circ0055202, circ0074920, circ0043722 | Plasma samples. | Precipitation. | Mediating miRNAs and their target genes, or binding to RNA-binding proteins. | Promote the proliferation of GBM cells. | Potential biomarker for predicting the GBM. | 2021 [105] |
| ldrEXOs-derived circ-METRN | Glioblastoma cells previously treated with low- or high-dose radiation. | Centrifugation. | Via miR-4709-3p/GRB14/PDGFRα pathway. | Enhanced the glioblastoma progression and radio resistance. | Predicting radio resistance and prognosis and assisting MRI diagnosis in early recurrence of glioblastoma. | 2021 [154] |
| miR-210 | Serum samples. | Centrifugation. | Associated with high levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1a. | The expression levels were increased with ascending pathological grades. | A diagnostic, prognostic, and hypoxic biomarker. | 2020 [155] |
| SOX2 DNA | Glioblastoma tumor masses. | Centrifugation and magnetic beads method. | Mis-regulated in cancer cells by changes in miRNA function, such as SNPs. | Involved in GBM progression and metastasis. | A minimally invasive exosome-based diagnosis. | 2020 [122] |
| miR-9-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-138-5p, miR-1-3p and VIM mRNA, | Human GBM cell lines. | Centrifugation. | Regulating the expression of target genes and affecting the expression levels of the corresponding proteins. | Level of expression was associated with grade and survival of GBM patients. | Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of GBM cells. | 2020 [123] |
| miR-29b | Serum samples. | Centrifugation. | Targeting MYCN. | Low expression was associated with aggressive clinical findings and shorter survival. | A promising biomarker for predicting prognosis of GBM. | 2019 [156] |
| miR-454-3p | Serum samples. | Isolation reagent. | Suppressing autophagy by targeting ATG12. | Suppress cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and autophagy in glioma. | A diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for glioma. | 2019 [157] |
| PTRF (Cavin1) | Serum samples. | Centrifugation. | Inducing the malignancy of nearby cells. | Overexpression induces cell growth and alters the microenvironment. | A biomarker for GBM diagnosis. | 2018 [158] |
| miR-301a | Serum samples. | Centrifugation and precipitation. | Downregulating PTEN expression in glioma cells. | May reflect the cancer-bearing status and pathological changes in glioma patients. | A novel biomarker for glioma diagnosis and prognosis. | 2018 [101] |
| miR-21, miR-222 and miR-124-3p | Serum samples. | Centrifugation. | Providing information throughout the course of disease. | Higher expression levels in high-grade gliomas and sharply decreased in samples obtained after surgery. | Predicting glioma grading and nonglial metastases. | 2018 [97] |
| lncRNA-HOTAIR | Serum samples. | Precipitation method. | Dysregulated in GBM and required for GBM cell proliferation. | HOTAIR expression was significantly correlated with high-grade brain tumors. | A novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for GBM. | 2018 [114] |