Table A2.
Exosomes as delivery systems in the treatment of gliomas.
| Donor Cells | Content | Loading Method | Modification | Model | Mechanism | Result | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dendritic-cell-tumor hybrid cell | cGAMP (STING activation) | Electroporation. | - | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Further enhancing tumor-specific T-cell immune response. | Reversing immunosuppressive glioblastoma microenvironments | 2023 [159] |
| Serum | TanIIA-GL nanomicelles | Sonicated and incubated. | CpG oligonucleotides. | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Prolonging blood circulation and maintaining intact structures. | Inducing apoptosis and generating anti-GBM immune responses | 2023 [160] |
| hMSCs | MNP@BQR and siGPX4 | Electroporation. | Angiopep-2 peptide. | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Disrupting DHODH, mediating Fe2+ release, and ferroptosis. | Targeting GBM cells, enhancing ferroptosis in GBM. | 2022 [53] |
| Macrophages | CAT@SiO2, loaded with ICG | Sonication. | AS1411 aptamer modified. | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Producing O2 to relieve tumor hypoxia. | Targeting cancer cells, inhibiting the tumor metastasis of GBM. | 2022 [161] |
| Glioblastoma cells | Selumetinib | Electroporation. | - | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | The tropism of GBM-derived exosomes. | Specific antitumor effect and non-toxic to normal brain cells. | 2022 [162] |
| Leukemia monocytic cell | TMZ/O6-benzylguanine | Sonication, freeze and thaw cycles, and incubation. | Angiopep-2 and CD133 RNA aptamers. | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Enhancing BBB penetration and superior tumor accumulation. | Inhibiting proliferation and extending the median survival time. | 2022 [163] |
| Homologous glioma cells | Temozolomide and dihydrotanshinone | Incubation. | - | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Tumor-homing accumulation with homologous effects. | Overcoming TMZ resistance and triggering immune response. | 2022 [164] |
| Human endometrial MSCs | Atorvastatin | Incubation with Tween-20. | - | In vitro 3D culture model. | Suppressing angiogenesis, resulting in decreased VEGF secretion. | Enhancing antitumor effects, resulting in induction of apoptosis. | 2022 [165] |
| Neutrophils | Doxorubicin | Sonication. | - | In vivo (zebrafish and mice models). | Responding to inflammatory stimuli and targeting infiltrating tumor cells. | Efficiently suppressing tumor growth and prolonging survival time. | 2021 [143] |
| HEK-293T | pPolymiR | Transfected. | Viral proteins (Gag/VSVg). | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Resulting in high expression of 3 miRs in GSCs and decreasing GSC proliferation. | Prolonging survival of GSC-bearing mice. | 2023 [166] |
| Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) | CDA and miR-34a | Co-transfected. | ab139 anti-EGFRvIII antibody. | In vitro. | Targeting delivery of drugs and combination therapy. | Improving apoptosis rate of GBM cells. | 2023 [167] |
| Mesenchymal stem cells | miR-1208 | Transfected. | Combined with focused ultrasound. | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Suppressing NUP214 expression and TGF-β pathway activity. | Resulting in a high-efficiency tumor-suppressive effect. | 2023 [168] |
| Neural stem cells | CpG-STAT3 antisense oligonucleotides | Incubated. | - | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Targeting signal transducer and activator of STAT3 protein into glioma microenvironment. | Enhancing antitumor effects. | 2022 [169] |
| Blood | cPLA2 siRNA/metformin | Electroporation /shaking. | - | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro (PDX). | Impairing the mitochondrial energy metabolism of GBM. | Reducing tumor growth and prolonged survival. | 2022 [170] |
| 293T cells | siYY1 | Electroporation. | T7 peptide. | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Blocking the tumor malignance and reversing the resistance by knockdown of YY1. | Enhancing chemoradiotherapy sensitivity and reversing therapeutic resistance. | 2022 [171] |
| Neural stem cells | miR-124-3p | Electroporation. | - | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Suppressing FLOT2 expression by specifically binding to the 3′ untranslated region of the FLOT2 gene. | Inhibiting glioma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. | 2022 [172] |
| 293 T cell | AMO-21 | Electroporation. | T7 peptide. | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Reduction of miR-21 induced the expression of PDCD4 and PTEN. | Resulting in reduction of tumor sizes. | 2020 [51] |
| HEK-293T | miR-21-sponge | Freeze and thaw cycles method. | - | In vivo (mice models) and in vitro. | Suppressing miR-21 and upregulating miR-21 target genes, PDCD4, and RECK. | Decline in proliferation, elevation in apoptotic rates, and reduction in the volume of the tumors. | 2019 [173] |
| WJ-MSCs | miR-124 | Incubation. | - | In vitro. | MiR-124 improved neuronal differentiation, suppressed invasion, and migration of GBM cells. | Decreasing cell proliferation and migration and conferring chemosensitivity. | 2018 [174] |