Table 1.
Demographic and reproductive characteristics of participants in the LIFE (n = 379) and SEEDS (n = 192) cohorts.
| LIFE | SEEDS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Mean ± SD or n (%)) | ||||
| Age (years) | 31.9 ± 4.8 | 36.1 ± 6.5 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) 1 | 29.9 ± 5.7 | 29.7 ± 5.5 | ||
| Normal (18–25) | 67 (18) | 38 (20) | ||
| Overweight (>25 <30) | 156 (42) | 80 (42) | ||
| Obese (>30) | 151 (40) | 74 (38) | ||
| Race 1 | ||||
| White (non-Hispanic) | 307 (81) | 139 (72) | ||
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 15 (4) | 8 (4) | ||
| Hispanic | 32 (9) | 11 (6) | ||
| Others/Unknown | 23 (6) | 34 (18) | ||
| Smoking status 2 | ||||
| No | 295 (79) | 162 (84) | ||
| Yes | 80 (21) | 30 (16) | ||
| Semen Parameters | Mean ± SD | % < WHO 3 | Mean ± SD | % < WHO |
| Sperm count (millions) | 74.5 ± 55 | 7.4 | 92.9 ± 27.7 | 4.6 |
| Sperm volume (mL) | 3.4 ± 1.7 | 8.7 | 2.96 ± 1.4 | 18.2 |
| Sperm concentration (millions/mL) | 228.4 ± 117 | 7.7 | 78.4 ± 84.4 | 9.1 |
| Normal morphology (%) | 30 ± 12.2 | 1.1 | 6.4 ± 4.5 | 42.2 |
| Sperm motility (%) 4 | --- | 56.9 ± 20.0 | 9.1 | |
| DNA fragmentation index (%) 5 | 15.3 ± 10.4 | 13.3 | --- | |
| High DNA stainability (%) 5 | 7.4 ± 5.1 | 10.3 | --- | |
1 Missing data for n = 2 in the LIFE study; 2 missing data for n = 4 in the LIFE study; 3 % of participants below the 2010 WHO reference cutoffs; 4 sperm motility not included for the LIFE study; 5 the cutoffs for normal DFI and HDS come from standard SCSA protocols [32] and not the WHO 2010 cutoffs.1 Missing data for n = 2 in the LIFE study; 2 missing data for n = 4 in the LIFE study; 3 % of participants below the 2010 WHO reference cutoffs; 4 sperm motility not included for the LIFE study; 5 the cutoffs for normal DFI and HDS come from standard SCSA protocols [32] and not the WHO 2010 cutoffs.