Table 1.
Distribution of demographics, socioeconomic factors, and mental health encounters across NatureScore categories.
| Summary Statistics, Mean (SD) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Nature Deficient/Nature Light | Nature Adequate | Nature Rich | Nature Utopia | p-Value # | |
| No. of Zipcodes | 1169 | 94 (8%) | 159 (14%) | 246 (21%) | 670 (57%) | |
| Total outpatient encounters | 61,391,398 | 3,826,697 (6.2%) | 10,485,831 (17.1%) | 18,408,516 (30%) | 28,670,354 (46.7%) | |
| NatureScore + | 85.8 (64.8–94.7) | 30.35 (19.5–36.8) | 50.3 (46.7–57.0) | 71.5 (66.6–75.9) | 93.4 (89.1–97.4) | <0.001 + |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Total population (18+) from Census data, No. | 18,677,889 | 1,189,009 | 3,289,630 | 5,870,487 | 8,328,763 | |
| Population (18+) per Zipcode, Mean (SD) | 15,978 (15,566) | 12,649 (14,181) | 20,689 (15,529) | 23,864 (15,494) | 12,431 (14,419) | <0.001 |
| Women, % | 63.07 (4.38) | 60.72 (8.02) | 64.25 (4.25) | 64.62 (3.43) | 62.55 (3.70) | <0.001 |
| Age 18–44, % | 34.21 (10.35) | 39.96 (13.41) | 38.06 (11.28) | 36.65 (9.68) | 31.60 (8.96) | <0.001 |
| Age 45–64, % | 35.82 (4.83) | 34.77 (7.22) | 35.16 (5.70) | 36.23 (4.61) | 35.97 (4.20) | 0.02 |
| Age 65+, % | 29.97 (9.25) | 25.27 (10.54) | 26.78 (9.15) | 27.12 (8.35) | 32.43 (8.61) | <0.001 |
| White, % | 54.09 (24.98) | 36.17 (19.85) | 39.51 (21.47) | 45.46 (23.22) | 63.23 (22.83) | <0.001 |
| Black, % | 12.15 (15.96) | 11.37 (12.85) | 12.61 (14.58) | 16.70 (18.24) | 10.48 (15.46) | <0.001 |
| Asian, % | 1.63 (2.57) | 1.34 (1.79) | 2.58 (3.92) | 2.52 (2.89) | 1.12 (1.91) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic, % | 15.21 (17.79) | 31.12 (23.64) | 22.48 (22.02) | 14.72 (16.35) | 11.43 (14.15) | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomic Factors | ||||||
| Bachelor’s degree or above, % | 26.79 (18.07) | 27.94 (21.28) | 27.65 (20.47) | 32.14 (19.46) | 24.46 (15.91) | <0.001 |
| Employment, % | 58.36 (11.41) | 55.74 (15.85) | 59.87 (12.16) | 62.14 (9.17) | 56.98 (10.86) | <0.001 |
| Poverty, % | 14.43 (10.64) | 20.89 (12.74) | 18.65 (12.87) | 14.68 (9.40) | 12.45 (9.46) | <0.001 |
| Median Household Income, $ | 66,268 (27,112) | 52,289 (22,075) | 57,140 (23,427) | 69,468 (32,471) | 69,237 (25,261) | <0.001 |
| Lack of insurance, % | 17.03 (9.25) | 19.61 (9.88) | 19.79 (9.76) | 17.89 (9.46) | 15.71 (8.70) | <0.001 |
| Mental Health Encounters, per 100,000 population * | ||||||
| Any Mental Illness | 2532.17 (4532.91) | 4044.86 (5859.35) | 3439.97 (9807.87) | 2056.48 (1141.47) | 2279.16 (2690.77) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 548.35 (946.24) | 1212.44 (2622.31) | 582.41 (1031.99) | 487.42 (334.89) | 469.48 (494.84) | <0.001 |
| Bipolar | 196.54 (579.02) | 553.25 (1647.49) | 226.69 (588.05) | 165.74 (128.29) | 150.64 (315.85) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety/Stress | 1787.28 (3858.40) | 2279.16 (2001.52) | 2630.87 (9128.61) | 1403.33 (868.01) | 1659.04 (2281.28) | 0.006 |
No: number; SD: standard deviation; %: percentage; # one-way ANOVA test conducted between the four categories of NatureScores; + results presented in terms of median and interquartile range (IQR) and Kruskal–Wallis used to compare the four categories of NatureScores; * number of encounters per 100,000 population at the zipcode level.