Table 2.
Multivariable regression results for different mental health encounters.
| Univariable Regression Analysis | ||||
| Any Mental Health | Depression | Bipolar | Anxiety/Stress | |
| RR (95%CI) | RR (95%CI) | RR (95%CI) | RR (95%CI) | |
| No. of Zipcodes | 1161 $ | 1118 + | 1017 # | 1159 β |
| NatureScore Categories | ||||
| Nature Deficient/Nature Light | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Nature Adequate | 0.856 (0.504–1.453) | 0.485 ** (0.291–0.811) | 0.368 ** (0.180–0.751) | 1.162 (0.660–2.046) |
| Nature Rich | 0.510 ** (0.378–0.689) | 0.405 ** (0.260–0.630) | 0.265 ** (0.145–0.482) | 0.618 ** (0.510–0.750) |
| Nature Utopia | 0.569 ** (0.419–0.771) | 0.401 ** (0.258–0.623) | 0.270 ** (0.146–0.498) | 0.737 ** (0.600–0.904) |
| Demographics | ||||
| Women % | 0.220 (0.017–2.896) | 0.013 ** (0.002–0.074) | 0.005 ** (0.000–0.076) | 1.030 (0.059–17.959) |
| Age 18–44 % | 0.838 (0.219–3.203) | 4.434 ** (1.507–13.049) | 3.588 (0.654–19.681) | 0.335 (0.091–1.239) |
| Age 45–64 % | 4.977 (0.269–91.987) | 4.495 (0.213–94.769) | 10.103 (0.055–1844.009) | 3.487 (0.124–98.133) |
| Age 65+ % | 0.891 (0.256–3.102) | 0.168 ** (0.075–0.377) | 0.224 * (0.055–0.919) | 2.879 (0.704–11.765) |
| White, % | 0.500 ** (0.345–0.724) | 0.577 ** (0.415–0.802) | 0.528 * (0.290–0.959) | 0.497 ** (0.325–0.761) |
| Black % | 1.655 (0.940–2.915) | 5.390 ** (2.667–10.895) | 7.225 ** (2.722–19.178) | 0.963 (0.545–1.703) |
| Asian % | 0.001 ** (0.000–0.003) | 0.004 ** (0.001–0.015) | 0.001 ** (0.000–0.004) | 0.000 ** (0.000–0.002) |
| Hispanic % | 3.091 ** (1.722–5.548) | 0.720 (0.455–1.141) | 0.901 (0.370–2.192) | 4.571 ** (2.576–8.110) |
| Socioeconomic Factors | ||||
| Employment % | 0.990 * (0.983–0.998) | 0.996 (0.987–1.004) | 0.997 (0.988–1.007) | 0.987 ** (0.979–0.995) |
| Bachelor’s degree or above % | 0.995 (0.987–1.003) | 0.998 (0.991–1.004) | 0.998 (0.990–1.005) | 0.994 (0.985–1.003) |
| Poverty % | 1.013 ** (1.005–1.021) | 1.013 ** (1.004–1.023) | 1.017 * (1.002–1.033) | 1.012 ** (1.004–1.020) |
| Multivariable Regression Analysis | ||||
| Any Mental health | Depression | Bipolar | Anxiety/Stress | |
| aRR (95%CI) | aRR (95%CI) | aRR (95%CI) | aRR (95%CI) | |
| No. of Zipcodes | 1159 | 1116 | 1016 | 1157 |
| NatureScore Categories | ||||
| Nature Deficient/Nature Light | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Nature Adequate | 1.053 (0.689–1.608) | 0.926 (0.643–1.332) | 0.743 (0.439–1.259) | 1.265 (0.901–1.778) |
| Nature Rich | 0.746 (0.512–1.087) | 0.769 (0.546–1.082) | 0.725 (0.439–1.198) | 0.883 (0.690–1.131) |
| Nature Utopia | 0.734 (0.507–1.064) | 0.683 * (0.490–0.950) | 0.594 * (0.355–0.994) | 0.910 (0.712–1.163) |
| Demographics | ||||
| Women % | 0.107 ** (0.025–0.468) | 0.023 ** (0.004–0.125) | 0.001 ** (0.000–0.016) | 0.230 * (0.054–0.977) |
| Age 45–64 % | 4.570 (0.852–24.501) | 1.092 (0.118–10.124) | 3.943 (0.313–49.670) | 4.137 (0.918–18.636) |
| Age 65+ % | 1.667 (0.729–3.816) | 0.410 (0.139–1.206) | 8.513 ** (1.688–42.948) | 2.072 (0.964–4.456) |
| Black % | 2.881 ** (1.765–4.704) | 3.279 ** (2.105–5.109) | 9.819 ** (3.964–24.323) | 2.312 ** (1.338–3.995) |
| Asian % | 0.004 ** (0.000–0.026) | 0.006 ** (0.001–0.046) | 0.034 * (0.001–0.952) | 0.004 ** (0.000–0.030) |
| Hispanic % | 2.216 ** (1.516–3.241) | 0.584 * (0.387–0.881) | 0.723 (0.435–1.201) | 3.502 ** (2.315–5.296) |
| Socioeconomic Factors | ||||
| Employment % | 1.002 (0.993–1.012) | 0.993 (0.980–1.007) | 1.014 (0.999 - 1.030) | 1.001 (0.993–1.009) |
| Bachelor’s degree or above % | 0.994 * (0.989–0.999) | 0.997 (0.991–1.003) | 0.989 ** (0.983 - 0.994) | 0.993 ** (0.988–0.998) |
| Poverty % | 1.004 (0.995–1.013) | 0.998 (0.986–1.010) | 1.019 ** (1.007 - 1.032) | 1.001 (0.993–1.009) |
aRR: adjusted rate ratio; CI: confidence interval; RR: rate ratio; %: percentage. $ The sample size was 1161 for all variables except the poverty ratio (n = 1159), as two zipcodes had zero outcomes; + the sample size was 1118 for all variables except the poverty ratio (n = 1116), as two zipcodes had zero outcomes; # the sample size was 1017 for all variables except the poverty ratio (n = 1016), as one zipcode had zero outcomes; β the sample size was 1159 for all variables except the poverty ratio (n = 1157), as two zipcodes had zero outcomes; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.