Table 2.
Neuropsychological measures of the three groups (CG, AT, and ACT) before and after activities (reading, pedaling, and combined).
| CG (n = 14) | AT (n = 15) | ACT (n = 15) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | W8 | Baseline | W8 | Baseline | W8 | ||||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | Z | M (SD) | M (SD) | Z | M (SD) | M (SD) | Z | |
| MMSE | 26.07 (0.26) | 26.07 (0.26) | 0.00 | 26.20 (0.56) | 26.93 (0.79) | −2.49 * | 26.13 (0.35) | 27.13 (0.83) | −2.74 ** |
| RL/RI-16 | 13.14 (1.16) | 13.37 (1.08) | −1.00 | 13.13 (1.18) | 14.06 (0.79) | −2.55 * | 13.00 (1.25) | 14.80 (0.86) | −3.17 *** |
| Letter fluency | 10.71 (0.72) | 10.57 (0.51) | −1.41 | 10.53 (0.74) | 11.53 (1.35) | −2.72 ** | 10.80 (0.77) | 12.33 (0.89) | −3.38 *** |
| Category fluency | 13.07 (0.82) | 13.07 (0.82) | 0.00 | 13.86 (0.99) | 14.33 (0.61) | −2.07 * | 13.33 (0.97) | 14.80 (0.86) | −3.10 ** |
| Clock test | 5.57 (0.64) | 5.71 (0.61) | −1.41 | 6.00 (0.53) | 6.46 (0.51) | −2.33 * | 5.66 (0.48) | 6.53 (0.51) | −2.92 ** |
| GDS 15 items | 6.21 (0.57) | 5.07 (0.61) | −3.08 *** | 5.93 (0.45) | 4.60 (0.63) | −3.54 *** | 5.20 (0.41) | 3.80 (0.67) | −3.25 *** |
| WHOQOL-BREF-100 D1 | 21.71 (1.43) | 21.92 (1.32) | −1.73 | 21.00 (1.36) | 22.46 (1.84) | −2.84 ** | 21.73 (1.83) | 23.40 (2.03) | −2.83 ** |
| WHOQOL-BR EF-100 D2 |
19.35 (1.78) | 19.35 (1.78) | 0.00 | 20.86 (1.30) | 22.06 (1.22) | −2.84 ** | 20.33 (1.54) | 22.60 (1.72) | −3.21 *** |
| WHOQOL-BREF-100 D3 | 09.64 (0.74) | 08.79 (1.52) | −1.56 | 9. 06 (1.38) | 8.06 (0.88) | −2.87 ** | 9.67 (1.40) | 10.47 (1.55) | −2.76 ** |
| WHOQOL-BREF-100 D4 | 26.21 (2.11) | 24.93 (1.54) | −2.20 | 27.00 (1.64) | 27.96 (1.50) | −2.23 * | 26.93 (2.37) | 28.80 (1.66) | −2.68 ** |
MMSE = Mini-Mental Status Examination; RL/RI-16 = 16-item Free and Cued Recall; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; WHOQOL-BREF = World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF; D1 = Physical health; D2 = Psychiatry; D3 = Social relationships; D4 = Environment * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.