Table 1.
Age-standardized (Italian population) current smokers and former smokers prevalence, and mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, by sex, age classes, geographical area and educational level. Cigarette, cigar and pipe smokers prevalence. Men and women residing in Italy aged 35–74 years, Health Examination Survey 2018–2019—CUORE Project.
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current Smokers | ||||||||||||
| N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p -value |
N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p -value |
|||
| All | 1031 | 234 | 23.1 | 18.0 | 28.3 | 1059 | 196 | 18.6 | 13.9 | 23.3 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 249 | 72 | 28.9 | 23.3 | 34.6 | 0.0070 | 235 | 49 | 20.9 | 15.7 | 26.1 | 0.2763 |
| 45–54 | 248 | 63 | 25.4 | 20.0 | 30.8 | 271 | 48 | 17.7 | 13.2 | 22.3 | ||
| 55–64 | 276 | 54 | 19.6 | 14.9 | 24.3 | 276 | 57 | 20.7 | 15.9 | 25.4 | ||
| 65–74 | 258 | 45 | 17.4 | 12.8 | 22.1 | 277 | 42 | 15.2 | 10.9 | 19.4 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 409 | 88 | 21.5 | 13.6 | 29.5 | 0.1115 | 421 | 74 | 17.5 | 10.2 | 24.8 | 0.8172 |
| Centre | 206 | 58 | 29.4 | 16.9 | 41.8 | 208 | 40 | 19.5 | 8.7 | 30.3 | ||
| South | 416 | 88 | 21.6 | 13.6 | 29.5 | 430 | 82 | 19.3 | 11.8 | 26.7 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 303 | 72 | 25.0 | 15.0 | 34.9 | 0.6556 | 338 | 65 | 19.8 | 11.1 | 28.4 | 0.7491 |
| High school and university | 728 | 162 | 22.4 | 16.4 | 28.4 | 720 | 131 | 18.1 | 12.5 | 23.7 | ||
| Daily smoke—number of cigarettes | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 234 | 13.3 | 8.9 | 12.8 | 13.9 | 196 | 10.8 | 6.4 | 10.4 | 11.2 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 72 | 12.3 | 8.4 | 11.3 | 13.4 | 0.0155 | 49 | 8.2 | 5.7 | 7.5 | 8.9 | 0.0155 |
| 45–54 | 63 | 14.1 | 9.9 | 12.9 | 15.3 | 48 | 12.0 | 7.3 | 11.1 | 12.8 | ||
| 55–64 | 54 | 11.6 | 6.6 | 10.8 | 12.4 | 57 | 11.2 | 5.8 | 10.5 | 11.9 | ||
| 65–74 | 45 | 16.3 | 10.2 | 15.0 | 17.5 | 42 | 11.4 | 5.9 | 10.7 | 12.1 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 88 | 12.8 | 9.9 | 11.9 | 13.8 | 0.573 | 74 | 10.8 | 7.8 | 10.0 | 11.5 | 0.573 |
| Centre | 58 | 12.3 | 7.6 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 40 | 10.7 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 11.5 | ||
| South | 88 | 14.6 | 8.6 | 13.7 | 15.4 | 82 | 10.8 | 5.4 | 10.3 | 11.3 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 72 | 16.6 | 10.0 | 15.5 | 17.7 | <0.0001 | 65 | 12.8 | 7.0 | 12.1 | 13.6 | <0.0001 |
| High school and university | 162 | 11.9 | 7.9 | 11.3 | 12.4 | 131 | 9.8 | 5.8 | 9.3 | 10.2 | ||
| Former Smokers | ||||||||||||
| N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p -value |
N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p -value |
|||
| All | 1031 | 351 | 42.9 | 36.8 | 48.9 | 1059 | 246 | 27.8 | 22.4 | 33.2 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 249 | 59 | 23.7 | 18.4 | 29.0 | <0.0001 | 235 | 44 | 18.7 | 13.7 | 23.7 | <0.0001 |
| 45–54 | 248 | 68 | 27.4 | 21.9 | 33.0 | 271 | 42 | 15.5 | 11.2 | 19.8 | ||
| 55–64 | 276 | 102 | 37.0 | 31.3 | 42.7 | 276 | 77 | 27.9 | 22.6 | 33.2 | ||
| 65–74 | 258 | 122 | 47.3 | 41.2 | 53.4 | 277 | 83 | 30.0 | 24.6 | 35.4 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 409 | 130 | 39.9 | 30.4 | 49.4 | 0.0851 | 421 | 105 | 29.7 | 21.0 | 38.5 | 0.0148 |
| Centre | 206 | 61 | 40.9 | 27.4 | 54.3 | 208 | 59 | 34.0 | 21.0 | 46.9 | ||
| South | 416 | 160 | 46.8 | 37.1 | 56.4 | 430 | 82 | 23.0 | 15.1 | 31.0 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 303 | 127 | 53.9 | 42.5 | 65.4 | 0.0001 | 338 | 65 | 23.6 | 14.4 | 32.8 | 0.0458 |
| High school and university | 728 | 224 | 38.6 | 31.6 | 45.7 | 720 | 181 | 29.7 | 23.1 | 36.3 | ||
| Cigar Smokers | ||||||||||||
| N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p -value |
N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p -value |
|||
| All | 1031 | 115 | 13 | 8.9 | 17.1 | <0.0001 | 1059 | 10 | 1.2 | 0 | 2.5 | <0.0001 |
| Pipe Smokers | ||||||||||||
| N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p-value |
N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p-value |
|||
| All | 1031 | 68 | 7.4 | 4.2 | 10.6 | <0.0001 | 1059 | 7 | 0.8 | 0 | 1.8 | <0.0001 |
| Cigarette and Cigar Smokers | ||||||||||||
| N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p-value |
N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p-value |
|||
| All | 1031 | 38 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 6 | <0.0001 | 1059 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.8 | <0.0001 |
| Cigarette and Pipe Smokers | ||||||||||||
| N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p-value |
N | n | % | CI 95% |
χ2
p-value |
|||
| All | 1031 | 24 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 4.1 | <0.0001 | 1059 | 3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.9 | <0.0001 |
N: number of participants denominator. n: number of participants related to the prevalence numerator. Current smoker is defined as a person who smokes one or more cigarettes per day. A former smoker is defined as a person who has quit smoking for at least 12 months. Number of cigarettes refers to packaged, handmade or electronic cigarettes. SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. Means, standard deviations and prevalence were age standardized by Italian National Institute of Statistics—ISTAT Italian population 2019 (except when they are reported by age-classes). ANOVA to compare mean values among classes; chi-square test to compare prevalence among classes. The pool was made of the following Italian regions: Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia Romagna, Tuscany, Lazio, Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria and Sicily. Italian Area: North (Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia Romagna); Centre (Tuscany, Lazio); South (Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily).