Table 5.
Age-standardized (Italian population) food group intake (EPIC questionnaire): vegetables, fruit, fish and cheese mean by sex, age classes, geographical area and educational level. Men and women residing in Italy aged 35–74 years, Health Examination Survey 2018–2019—CUORE Project.
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetable (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 168.4 | 93.8 | 161.9 | 175.0 | 785 | 184.3 | 96.4 | 177.5 | 191.0 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 163.1 | 84.2 | 151.3 | 174.9 | 0.0031 | 191 | 202.1 | 104.2 | 187.3 | 216.9 | 0.0031 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 179.4 | 106.0 | 164.9 | 194.0 | 216 | 188.3 | 90.5 | 176.2 | 200.4 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 169.2 | 91.3 | 157.1 | 181.3 | 214 | 175.7 | 91.5 | 163.5 | 188.0 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 155.3 | 86.0 | 142.6 | 168.1 | 164 | 166.6 | 99.9 | 151.3 | 181.9 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 167.2 | 91.7 | 157.7 | 176.7 | 0.0010 | 359 | 183.6 | 99.9 | 173.3 | 194.0 | 0.0010 |
| Centre | 180 | 182.9 | 89.8 | 169.8 | 196.1 | 184 | 200.1 | 98.2 | 185.9 | 214.2 | ||
| South | 256 | 160.0 | 98.4 | 148.0 | 172.1 | 242 | 173.4 | 88.4 | 162.3 | 184.6 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 156.6 | 79.8 | 145.6 | 167.6 | <0.0001 | 209 | 162.7 | 85.4 | 151.1 | 174.3 | <0.0001 |
| High school and university | 591 | 172.5 | 97.6 | 164.6 | 180.4 | 575 | 191.9 | 99.0 | 183.8 | 200.0 | ||
| Fruit (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 268.1 | 174.7 | 255.9 | 280.2 | 785 | 275.7 | 165.2 | 264.1 | 287.2 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 243.9 | 175.1 | 219.3 | 268.4 | 0.0013 | 191 | 270.6 | 145.2 | 250.0 | 291.2 | 0.0013 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 257.3 | 165.5 | 234.6 | 280.0 | 216 | 255.5 | 164.2 | 233.6 | 277.4 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 290.1 | 183.2 | 265.8 | 314.4 | 214 | 294.2 | 166.7 | 271.9 | 316.5 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 287.2 | 171.7 | 261.7 | 312.7 | 164 | 290.3 | 185.3 | 262.0 | 318.7 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 255.7 | 168.4 | 238.2 | 273.1 | 0.4007 | 359 | 276.5 | 163.1 | 259.6 | 293.4 | 0.4007 |
| Centre | 180 | 263.4 | 169.5 | 238.6 | 288.2 | 184 | 296.0 | 172.3 | 271.2 | 320.9 | ||
| South | 256 | 288.6 | 185.4 | 265.9 | 311.3 | 242 | 259.2 | 161.5 | 238.9 | 279.6 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 272.6 | 172.4 | 248.8 | 296.5 | 0.9245 | 209 | 267.4 | 156.8 | 246.1 | 288.6 | 0.9245 |
| High school and university | 591 | 266.7 | 175.7 | 252.5 | 280.9 | 575 | 278.4 | 168.1 | 264.6 | 292.1 | ||
| Vegetable and Fruit (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 436.5 | 220.9 | 421.1 | 451.9 | 785 | 460.0 | 214.1 | 445.0 | 474.9 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 407.0 | 219.1 | 376.3 | 437.7 | 0.3103 | 191 | 472.7 | 205.0 | 443.6 | 501.8 | 0.3103 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 436.7 | 209.3 | 408.0 | 465.4 | 216 | 443.8 | 208.7 | 416.0 | 471.6 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 459.2 | 230.5 | 428.7 | 489.8 | 214 | 469.9 | 216.3 | 440.9 | 498.9 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 442.5 | 225.6 | 409.0 | 476.1 | 164 | 457.0 | 231.8 | 421.5 | 492.4 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 422.9 | 218.3 | 400.2 | 445.5 | 0.0692 | 359 | 460.1 | 213.5 | 438.0 | 482.2 | 0.0692 |
| Centre | 180 | 446.3 | 210.0 | 415.6 | 477.0 | 184 | 496.1 | 225.7 | 463.5 | 528.7 | ||
| South | 256 | 448.6 | 231.3 | 420.3 | 477.0 | 242 | 432.7 | 202.6 | 407.1 | 458.2 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 429.2 | 208.5 | 400.4 | 458.0 | 0.0654 | 209 | 430.1 | 206.1 | 402.1 | 458.0 | 0.0654 |
| High school and university | 591 | 439.2 | 225.0 | 421.1 | 457.3 | 575 | 470.2 | 216.1 | 452.6 | 487.9 | ||
| Fish (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 45.5 | 34.7 | 43.1 | 47.9 | 785 | 42.7 | 30.7 | 40.5 | 44.8 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 46.6 | 35.1 | 41.7 | 51.6 | 0.6242 | 191 | 42.2 | 25.7 | 38.5 | 45.8 | 0.6242 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 45.3 | 33.7 | 40.6 | 49.9 | 216 | 42.1 | 33.0 | 37.7 | 46.5 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 47.0 | 36.0 | 42.3 | 51.8 | 214 | 43.8 | 31.6 | 39.5 | 48.0 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 42.0 | 33.9 | 37.0 | 47.0 | 164 | 42.8 | 31.3 | 38.0 | 47.6 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 47.7 | 36.5 | 44.0 | 51.5 | 0.3656 | 359 | 42.7 | 29.3 | 39.7 | 45.7 | 0.3656 |
| Centre | 180 | 41.2 | 28.9 | 37.0 | 45.5 | 184 | 43.1 | 32.9 | 38.4 | 47.9 | ||
| South | 256 | 45.4 | 35.7 | 41.0 | 49.8 | 242 | 42.3 | 31.1 | 38.4 | 46.3 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 42.5 | 33.9 | 37.8 | 47.1 | 0.0504 | 209 | 40.9 | 30.6 | 36.8 | 45.1 | 0.0504 |
| High school and university | 591 | 46.6 | 35.0 | 43.7 | 49.4 | 575 | 43.4 | 30.7 | 40.9 | 45.9 | ||
| Cheese (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 42.7 | 34.2 | 40.4 | 45.1 | 785 | 37.0 | 31.2 | 34.8 | 39.2 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 44.7 | 37.8 | 39.4 | 50.0 | 0.0997 | 191 | 41.2 | 36.2 | 36.1 | 46.4 | 0.0997 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 43.0 | 33.6 | 38.4 | 47.6 | 216 | 36.7 | 28.1 | 33.0 | 40.4 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 42.4 | 33.1 | 38.0 | 46.8 | 214 | 35.6 | 29.5 | 31.7 | 39.6 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 39.9 | 31.6 | 35.2 | 44.6 | 164 | 34.0 | 31.8 | 29.2 | 38.9 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 46.4 | 36.6 | 42.6 | 50.2 | 0.0169 | 359 | 38.4 | 33.2 | 35.0 | 41.9 | 0.0169 |
| Centre | 180 | 38.5 | 30.3 | 34.0 | 42.9 | 184 | 37.1 | 29.2 | 32.9 | 41.3 | ||
| South | 256 | 40.6 | 32.9 | 36.6 | 44.7 | 242 | 34.8 | 29.7 | 31.1 | 38.6 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 42.8 | 34.8 | 38.0 | 47.7 | 0.2342 | 209 | 33.8 | 32.8 | 29.3 | 38.2 | 0.2342 |
| High school and university | 591 | 42.7 | 34.0 | 40.0 | 45.5 | 575 | 38.1 | 30.6 | 35.6 | 40.6 | ||
For vegetables intake, the following foods were considered: leafy vegetables—cooked, leafy vegetables—raw, other vegetables, tomatoes—raw, tomatoes—cooked, root vegetables, cabbages, mushrooms, grain and pod vegetables, onion, garlic, stalk vegetables, mixed salad, mixed vegetables. For vegetables intake, the following foods were considered: leafy vegetable—cooked, leafy vegetable—raw, other vegetables, tomatoes—raw, tomatoes—cooked, root vegetables, cabbages, mushrooms, grain and pod vegetables, onion, garlic, stalk vegetables, mixed salad, mixed vegetables. For fruits intake, the following foods were considered: citrus fruits and other fruits. For fish intake, the following foods were considered: fish, crustaceans and molluscs. For cheese intake, the following foods were considered: cheeses (including fresh cheeses). Dietary information was collected by the self-administered Italian version of the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC). SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. Means and standard deviations were age standardized by Italian National Institute of Statistics—ISTAT Italian population 2019 (except when they are reported by age-classes). ANOVA to compare mean values among classes. The pool was made of the following Italian regions: Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia Romagna, Tuscany, Lazio, Basilicata, Calabria and Sicily. Italian Area: North (Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia Romagna); Centre (Tuscany, Lazio); South (Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily).