Table 6.
Age-standardized (Italian population) food group intake (EPIC questionnaire): processed meat, sweets/cakes, sweet drinks, and alcohol mean by sex, age classes, geographical area and educational level. Men and women residing in Italy aged 35–74 years, Health Examination Survey 2018–2019—CUORE Project.
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Processed Meat (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 36.4 | 28.8 | 34.4 | 38.4 | 785 | 24.4 | 21.6 | 22.9 | 25.9 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 44.9 | 32.0 | 40.4 | 49.3 | <0.0001 | 191 | 29.1 | 23.2 | 25.8 | 32.4 | <0.0001 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 39.5 | 30.4 | 35.3 | 43.6 | 216 | 27.7 | 21.7 | 24.8 | 30.6 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 32.8 | 25.9 | 29.4 | 36.3 | 214 | 21.2 | 21.4 | 18.3 | 24.1 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 24.1 | 18.8 | 21.3 | 26.9 | 164 | 17.2 | 16.5 | 14.7 | 19.8 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 33.4 | 25.7 | 30.8 | 36.1 | 0.0011 | 359 | 23.7 | 21.4 | 21.5 | 25.9 | 0.0011 |
| Centre | 180 | 34.7 | 26.9 | 30.7 | 38.6 | 184 | 23.8 | 21.6 | 20.7 | 26.9 | ||
| South | 256 | 41.6 | 33.1 | 37.5 | 45.7 | 242 | 25.9 | 22.0 | 23.1 | 28.6 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 39.8 | 27.9 | 35.9 | 43.6 | 0.5038 | 209 | 23.3 | 22.1 | 20.3 | 26.3 | 0.5038 |
| High school and university | 591 | 35.2 | 29.0 | 32.9 | 37.6 | 575 | 24.7 | 21.3 | 23.0 | 26.5 | ||
| Sweets/Cakes (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 84.1 | 59.8 | 80.0 | 88.3 | 785 | 77.5 | 61.8 | 73.2 | 81.8 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 89.5 | 58.3 | 81.4 | 97.7 | <0.0001 | 191 | 87.1 | 63.1 | 78.2 | 96.1 | <0.0001 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 93.0 | 64.3 | 84.1 | 101.8 | 216 | 85.3 | 70.3 | 75.9 | 94.7 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 79.9 | 57.1 | 72.4 | 87.5 | 214 | 70.8 | 54.9 | 63.4 | 78.1 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 67.2 | 54.0 | 59.2 | 75.2 | 164 | 60.8 | 48.0 | 53.5 | 68.2 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 87.7 | 60.8 | 81.4 | 94.0 | 0.1249 | 359 | 80.5 | 59.3 | 74.3 | 86.6 | 0.1249 |
| Centre | 180 | 78.7 | 54.0 | 70.9 | 86.6 | 184 | 73.8 | 59.5 | 65.2 | 82.4 | ||
| South | 256 | 82.8 | 62.1 | 75.2 | 90.4 | 242 | 75.9 | 67.0 | 67.4 | 84.3 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 90.7 | 68.5 | 81.2 | 100.1 | 0.8558 | 209 | 73.7 | 59.4 | 65.6 | 81.7 | 0.8558 |
| High school and university | 591 | 81.7 | 56.2 | 77.1 | 86.2 | 575 | 78.7 | 62.7 | 73.6 | 83.8 | ||
| Sweet Drinks (ml/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 99.8 | 159.7 | 88.7 | 111.0 | 785 | 72.6 | 130.0 | 63.5 | 81.6 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 124.7 | 177.9 | 99.8 | 149.6 | <0.0001 | 191 | 108.8 | 158.9 | 86.2 | 131.3 | <0.0001 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 111.2 | 170.6 | 87.7 | 134.6 | 216 | 75.4 | 131.1 | 57.9 | 92.9 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 81.8 | 133.7 | 64.1 | 99.5 | 214 | 59.4 | 121.0 | 43.2 | 75.6 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 72.5 | 143.4 | 51.2 | 93.8 | 164 | 39.7 | 77.7 | 27.8 | 51.6 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 93.6 | 139.4 | 79.1 | 108.1 | 0.1505 | 359 | 73.8 | 129.1 | 60.4 | 87.1 | 0.1505 |
| Centre | 180 | 83.5 | 134.8 | 63.8 | 103.2 | 184 | 72.9 | 129.3 | 54.2 | 91.6 | ||
| South | 256 | 120.0 | 196.6 | 95.9 | 144.0 | 242 | 70.6 | 132.3 | 53.9 | 87.2 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 132.3 | 207.9 | 103.6 | 161.1 | 0.1004 | 209 | 64.5 | 114.2 | 49.1 | 80.0 | 0.1004 |
| High school and university | 591 | 89.4 | 139.1 | 78.2 | 100.6 | 575 | 75.2 | 135.2 | 64.2 | 86.3 | ||
| Alcohol (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 14.7 | 16.4 | 13.5 | 15.8 | 785 | 5.5 | 9.1 | 4.9 | 6.1 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 13.7 | 14.8 | 11.6 | 15.8 | 0.7067 | 191 | 6.1 | 10.4 | 4.6 | 7.6 | 0.7067 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 14.9 | 16.8 | 12.6 | 17.2 | 216 | 5.1 | 8.6 | 4.0 | 6.3 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 14.4 | 17.0 | 12.2 | 16.7 | 214 | 5.4 | 8.5 | 4.3 | 6.6 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 16.1 | 16.9 | 13.6 | 18.6 | 164 | 5.5 | 9.3 | 4.1 | 6.9 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 16.2 | 16.1 | 14.5 | 17.9 | 0.0037 | 359 | 6.7 | 10.4 | 5.6 | 7.8 | 0.0037 |
| Centre | 180 | 12.1 | 14.1 | 10.0 | 14.2 | 184 | 5.8 | 8.3 | 4.6 | 7.0 | ||
| South | 256 | 14.4 | 17.9 | 12.2 | 16.6 | 242 | 3.5 | 7.2 | 2.6 | 4.4 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 16.8 | 19.9 | 14.0 | 19.5 | 0.9708 | 209 | 4.2 | 8.1 | 3.1 | 5.2 | 0.9708 |
| High school and university | 591 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 12.8 | 15.2 | 575 | 6.0 | 9.4 | 5.2 | 6.8 | ||
For processed meat intake, the following foods were considered: sausages, salami and other preserved meat. For sweets/cakes intake, the following foods were considered: sugar, honey, jam, chocolate, candy bars, paste, confetti/flakes, non-chocolate confectionery, ice cream, cakes, pies, pastries, puddings (not milk-based), dry cakes and biscuits. For sweet beverages intake, the following foods were considered: fruit and vegetable juices, carbonated/soft/isotonic drinks and diluted syrups. For alcohol intake, the following foods were considered: alcoholic beverages. Dietary information was collected by the self-administered Italian version of the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC). SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. Means and standard deviations were age standardized by Italian National Institute of Statistics—ISTAT Italian population 2019 (except when they are reported by age-classes). ANOVA to compare mean values among classes. The pool was made of the following Italian regions: Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia Romagna, Tuscany, Lazio, Basilicata, Calabria and Sicily. Italian Area: North (Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia Romagna); Centre (Tuscany, Lazio); South (Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily).