Table 7.
Age-standardized (Italian population) food group intake (EPIC questionnaire): cereals, potatoes, legumes and oil mean by sex, age classes, geographical area and educational level. Men and women residing in Italy aged 35–74 years, Health Examination Survey 2018–2019—CUORE Project.
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cereals (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 177.1 | 95.5 | 170.5 | 183.8 | 785 | 135.8 | 84.9 | 129.9 | 141.8 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 176.6 | 96.9 | 163.0 | 190.2 | 0.1230 | 191 | 138.9 | 84.4 | 127.0 | 150.9 | 0.1230 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 169.8 | 89.0 | 157.5 | 182.0 | 216 | 138.9 | 89.1 | 127.0 | 150.8 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 190.3 | 102.5 | 176.7 | 203.9 | 214 | 136.6 | 83.4 | 125.4 | 147.8 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 170.2 | 92.1 | 156.6 | 183.9 | 164 | 124.9 | 79.7 | 112.7 | 137.1 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 181.5 | 99.8 | 171.1 | 191.8 | 0.5273 | 359 | 131.9 | 85.3 | 123.1 | 140.8 | 0.5273 |
| Centre | 180 | 176.6 | 88.2 | 163.7 | 189.5 | 184 | 144.9 | 82.2 | 133.0 | 156.8 | ||
| South | 256 | 171.5 | 94.4 | 159.9 | 183.0 | 242 | 134.8 | 86.1 | 123.9 | 145.6 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 178.5 | 91.6 | 165.8 | 191.1 | 0.0375 | 209 | 120.2 | 74.2 | 110.1 | 130.2 | 0.0375 |
| High school and university | 591 | 176.6 | 96.9 | 168.8 | 184.4 | 575 | 141.2 | 87.7 | 134.0 | 148.4 | ||
| Potatoes (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 22.9 | 19.9 | 21.5 | 24.3 | 785 | 21.0 | 22.4 | 19.5 | 22.6 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 25.8 | 19.1 | 23.1 | 28.4 | <0.0001 | 191 | 25.0 | 29.5 | 20.8 | 29.2 | <0.0001 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 24.9 | 19.5 | 22.2 | 27.6 | 216 | 24.0 | 21.4 | 21.2 | 26.9 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 21.0 | 20.7 | 18.3 | 23.8 | 214 | 17.4 | 17.8 | 15.1 | 19.8 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 18.2 | 19.4 | 15.4 | 21.1 | 164 | 15.9 | 17.3 | 13.3 | 18.6 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 22.4 | 20.2 | 20.3 | 24.5 | 0.0265 | 359 | 19.4 | 18.5 | 17.5 | 21.3 | 0.0265 |
| Centre | 180 | 23.4 | 20.4 | 20.4 | 26.4 | 184 | 19.6 | 20.0 | 16.7 | 22.5 | ||
| South | 256 | 23.3 | 19.2 | 20.9 | 25.6 | 242 | 24.5 | 28.1 | 20.9 | 28.0 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 21.4 | 19.7 | 18.6 | 24.1 | 0.1830 | 209 | 20.4 | 20.7 | 17.6 | 23.2 | 0.1830 |
| High school and university | 591 | 23.4 | 19.9 | 21.8 | 25.0 | 575 | 21.2 | 22.9 | 19.4 | 23.1 | ||
| Legumes (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 21.6 | 18.9 | 20.3 | 22.9 | 785 | 19.7 | 15.9 | 18.5 | 20.8 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 22.9 | 21.9 | 19.8 | 26.0 | 0.0710 | 191 | 21.0 | 17.9 | 18.4 | 23.5 | 0.0710 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 21.9 | 18.0 | 19.5 | 24.4 | 216 | 20.1 | 15.5 | 18.1 | 22.2 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 21.3 | 18.8 | 18.8 | 23.8 | 214 | 19.4 | 15.4 | 17.3 | 21.5 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 19.7 | 16.0 | 17.3 | 22.1 | 164 | 17.5 | 14.1 | 15.3 | 19.6 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 17.9 | 17.2 | 16.1 | 19.7 | <0.0001 | 359 | 16.2 | 14.0 | 14.8 | 17.7 | <0.0001 |
| Centre | 180 | 22.8 | 19.1 | 20.0 | 25.6 | 184 | 19.6 | 16.5 | 17.2 | 22.0 | ||
| South | 256 | 26.0 | 20.1 | 23.5 | 28.4 | 242 | 24.7 | 16.7 | 22.6 | 26.8 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 18.8 | 14.2 | 16.8 | 20.7 | 0.0069 | 209 | 18.3 | 14.9 | 16.3 | 20.4 | 0.0069 |
| High school and university | 591 | 22.6 | 20.2 | 21.0 | 24.2 | 575 | 20.1 | 16.2 | 18.8 | 21.4 | ||
| Oil (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p -value |
|||
| All | 793 | 15.9 | 11.4 | 15.1 | 16.7 | 785 | 17.4 | 11.2 | 16.6 | 18.2 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 13.7 | 10.1 | 12.3 | 15.1 | 0.2151 | 191 | 19.0 | 11.8 | 17.3 | 20.6 | 0.2151 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 16.7 | 12.3 | 15.0 | 18.4 | 216 | 17.4 | 11.0 | 15.9 | 18.8 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 17.6 | 11.4 | 16.1 | 19.1 | 214 | 16.7 | 10.9 | 15.2 | 18.2 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 14.9 | 11.1 | 13.2 | 16.5 | 164 | 16.4 | 11.4 | 14.7 | 18.2 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 16.4 | 11.5 | 15.2 | 17.6 | 0.2149 | 359 | 17.4 | 11.6 | 16.2 | 18.6 | 0.2149 |
| Centre | 180 | 18.2 | 11.0 | 16.6 | 19.8 | 184 | 20.4 | 11.2 | 18.8 | 22.0 | ||
| South | 256 | 13.5 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 14.9 | 242 | 15.1 | 10.3 | 13.8 | 16.4 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 13.9 | 11.2 | 12.4 | 15.5 | <0.0001 | 209 | 13.9 | 10.0 | 12.5 | 15.3 | <0.0001 |
| High school and university | 591 | 16.5 | 11.4 | 15.6 | 17.5 | 575 | 18.6 | 11.4 | 17.7 | 19.6 | ||
For cereals intake, the following foods were considered: pasta, rice, white and whole meal bread, other grains, crispbread, rusks and breakfast cereals. For potatoes intake, the following foods were considered: French fries, boiled potatoes, roasted potatoes, pure potatoes, croquette potatoes. Dietary information was collected by the self-administered Italian version of the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC). SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. Means and standard deviations were age standardized by Italian National Institute of Statistics—ISTAT Italian population 2019 (except when they are reported by age-classes). ANOVA to compare mean values among classes. The pool was made of the following Italian regions: Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia Romagna, Tuscany, Lazio, Basilicata, Calabria and Sicily. Italian Area: North (Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia Romagna); Centre (Tuscany, Lazio); South (Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily).