Table 12.
Age-standardized nutrients intake (EPIC questionnaire) fibre, sodium, potassium, carbohydrates and simple carbohydrates mean by sex, age classes, geographical area and educational level. Men and women residing in Italy aged 35–74 years, Health Examination Survey 2018–2019—CUORE Project.
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fibre (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p-value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p-value |
|||
| All | 793 | 9.9 | 2.7 | 9.7 | 10.0 | 785 | 11.3 | 3.0 | 11.1 | 11.5 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 9.2 | 2.5 | 8.9 | 9.6 | <0.0001 | 191 | 10.8 | 2.7 | 10.4 | 11.2 | <0.0001 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 9.7 | 3.0 | 9.3 | 10.1 | 216 | 11.1 | 3.2 | 10.7 | 11.5 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 10.2 | 2.5 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 214 | 11.7 | 3.0 | 11.3 | 12.1 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 10.4 | 2.8 | 10.0 | 10.9 | 164 | 11.6 | 2.8 | 11.1 | 12.0 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 9.6 | 2.7 | 9.3 | 9.8 | 0.0049 | 359 | 11.1 | 3.1 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 0.0049 |
| Centre | 180 | 10.4 | 2.9 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 184 | 11.5 | 3.0 | 11.1 | 12.0 | ||
| South | 256 | 9.9 | 2.7 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 242 | 11.3 | 2.8 | 11.0 | 11.7 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 9.5 | 2.4 | 9.1 | 9.8 | 0.0358 | 209 | 11.0 | 3.1 | 10.6 | 11.4 | 0.0358 |
| High school and university | 591 | 10.0 | 2.8 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 575 | 11.4 | 2.9 | 11.1 | 11.6 | ||
| Sodium (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p-value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p-value |
|||
| All | 793 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 785 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 2.8 | <0.0001 | 191 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 2.4 | <0.0001 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 216 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 2.3 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 214 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 164 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.9 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 0.9334 | 359 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 0.9334 |
| Centre | 180 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 184 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.3 | ||
| South | 256 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 242 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 2.2 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 0.2252 | 209 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 0.2252 |
| High school and university | 591 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 575 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | ||
| Potassium (g/day) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p-value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p-value |
|||
| All | 793 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 785 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | <0.0001 | 191 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | <0.0001 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 216 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 3.2 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 214 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 3.1 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 164 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 2.9 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 0.8018 | 359 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 0.8018 |
| Centre | 180 | 3.1 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 184 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 3.3 | ||
| South | 256 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 242 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 3.1 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 0.0008 | 209 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 0.0008 |
| High school and university | 591 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 575 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 3.2 | ||
| Carbohydrates (% total Kcal) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p-value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p-value |
|||
| All | 793 | 47.9 | 9.0 | 47.3 | 48.6 | 785 | 47.4 | 8.9 | 46.8 | 48.0 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 47.3 | 7.8 | 46.2 | 48.4 | 0.2268 | 191 | 47.9 | 7.5 | 46.9 | 49.0 | 0.2268 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 47.3 | 8.9 | 46.0 | 48.5 | 216 | 46.9 | 8.6 | 45.7 | 48.0 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 48.9 | 9.5 | 47.7 | 50.2 | 214 | 47.7 | 8.7 | 46.5 | 48.8 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 48.5 | 9.9 | 47.0 | 50.0 | 164 | 47.4 | 11.1 | 45.7 | 49.1 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 47.5 | 8.4 | 46.6 | 48.3 | 0.0647 | 359 | 46.8 | 8.9 | 45.9 | 47.7 | 0.0647 |
| Centre | 180 | 48.4 | 8.2 | 47.2 | 49.6 | 184 | 47.8 | 8.1 | 46.6 | 48.9 | ||
| South | 256 | 48.3 | 10.2 | 47.1 | 49.6 | 242 | 48.1 | 9.3 | 46.9 | 49.2 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 48.6 | 9.1 | 47.3 | 49.8 | 0.1040 | 209 | 47.9 | 8.7 | 46.8 | 49.1 | 0.1040 |
| High school and university | 591 | 47.7 | 9.0 | 47.0 | 48.4 | 575 | 47.2 | 8.9 | 46.5 | 48.0 | ||
| Simple carbohydrates (% total Kcal) | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p-value |
N | Mean | SD | CI 95% |
ANOVA
p-value |
|||
| All | 793 | 18.6 | 6.2 | 18.1 | 19.0 | 785 | 20.1 | 6.7 | 19.7 | 20.6 | ||
| Age classes (years) | ||||||||||||
| 35–44 | 196 | 18.4 | 5.7 | 17.6 | 19.2 | 0.6066 | 191 | 20.9 | 6.4 | 20.0 | 21.8 | 0.6066 |
| 45–54 | 204 | 18.8 | 5.8 | 18.0 | 19.6 | 216 | 20.0 | 6.5 | 19.1 | 20.8 | ||
| 55–64 | 219 | 18.4 | 6.4 | 17.5 | 19.2 | 214 | 20.2 | 6.3 | 19.3 | 21.0 | ||
| 65–74 | 174 | 18.7 | 7.2 | 17.6 | 19.7 | 164 | 19.4 | 7.7 | 18.2 | 20.6 | ||
| Italian Area | ||||||||||||
| North | 357 | 18.5 | 5.7 | 17.9 | 19.0 | 0.8063 | 359 | 20.5 | 6.8 | 19.8 | 21.2 | 0.8063 |
| Centre | 180 | 18.5 | 5.6 | 17.7 | 19.3 | 184 | 20.0 | 6.4 | 19.1 | 21.0 | ||
| South | 256 | 18.8 | 7.2 | 17.9 | 19.7 | 242 | 19.7 | 6.7 | 18.8 | 20.5 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary and middle school | 201 | 19.4 | 7.1 | 18.4 | 20.4 | 0.0033 | 209 | 20.9 | 7.0 | 20.0 | 21.9 | 0.0033 |
| High school and university | 591 | 18.3 | 5.9 | 17.8 | 18.8 | 575 | 19.8 | 6.5 | 19.3 | 20.4 | ||
Dietary information was collected by the self-administered Italian version of the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC). SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. Means and standard deviations were age standardized by Italian National Institute of Statistics—ISTAT Italian population 2019 (except when they are reported by age-classes). ANOVA to compare mean values among classes. The pool was made of the following Italian regions: Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia Romagna, Tuscany, Lazio, Basilicata, Calabria and Sicily. Italian Area: North (Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia Romagna); Centre (Tuscany, Lazio); South (Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily).