Figure 4.

Carnosic acid (CA) increases Sestrin-2 (A), phospho-LKB1 (B), and phospho-AMPK (C) in H1299 NSCLC cells. Whole cell lysates were prepared from H1299 cells treated without (control) or with 50 µM CA for 1.5–24 h. Cell lysates (20 µg) were resolved by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with specific antibodies against sestrin-2 (A), β-actin (A), total and phospho-LKB1 (Ser⁴²⁸; B), or total and phospho-AMPK (Thr¹⁷²; C). Upper panel: A representative immunoblot is shown. Lower panel: The densitometry of the bands, expressed in arbitrary units was measured using ImageJ 1.54 g software. The data are expressed as percent of control and are the mean ± SEM of six separate experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, compared to control.