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. 2024 Feb 13;13(4):1063. doi: 10.3390/jcm13041063

Table 1.

Study selection criteria.

Criteria
Inclusion Criteria

  1. Retrospective and prospective studies.

  2. The necessary data were provided.

  3. Evidence comprises gastroduodenal perforation, bleeding, and ulcers.

  4. Treatment of gastroduodenal perforation.

  5. Patients were followed up, and results were reported.

Exclusion Criteria

  1. The literature was not the original article (such as meta-analysis, review), or a literature duplication.

  2. The object of the study was cellular-based or animal-based.

  3. The evidence occurred other than in the gastric or duodenal area.

  4. The articles were not in English.