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Increased conversion of primary into secondary bile acids is affected by gut microbiota dysregulation in PBC patients. This alteration leads to leaky gut and alters hepatic immune cells, thereby reducing immunosurveillance and promoting tumourigenesis. BAs, bile acids; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; CXCL16, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16; NKT, natural killer T cells; TAM, tumour-associated macrophages. Created with BioRender.com.
