Table 4.
Mean values of variables between baseline and post-exercise status in 3 consecutive tests (1, 2, 3) performed with 3 different hydration strategies.
| Statistics | Hydration Strategy | Test Order | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | W | NH | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| Body mass change (kg) | LSM | −0.73 | −0.94 | −0.72 | −1.02 | −1.01 | −0.35 | ||
| SE | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | |||
| LCL | −1.11 | −1.32 | −1.10 | −1.41 | −1.39 | −0.74 | |||
| UCL | −0.35 | −0.56 | −0.33 | −0.64 | −0.63 | 0.03 | |||
| Rectal temperature | time | preT | LSM | 36.4 | 37.1 | 37.0 | 36.7 | 37.2 | 36.6 |
| SE | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
| LCL | 36.0 | 36.8 | 36.6 | 36.3 | 36.9 | 36.2 | |||
| UCL | 36.8 | 37.5 | 37.4 | 37.1 | 37.6 | 37.0 | |||
| 40 | LSM | 37.5 | 37.7 | 37.9 | 37.7 | 38.0 | 37.4 | ||
| SE | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
| LCL | 37.2 | 37.5 | 37.6 | 37.4 | 37.7 | 37.1 | |||
| UCL | 37.8 | 38.0 | 38.2 | 38.0 | 38.2 | 37.7 | |||
| 80 | LSM | 37.6 | 38.1 | 38.4 | 37.9 | 38.3 | 37.8 | ||
| SE | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
| LCL | 37.2 | 37.7 | 38.0 | 37.5 | 38.0 | 37.4 | |||
| UCL | 38.0 | 38.4 | 38.8 | 38.3 | 38.7 | 38.2 | |||
| 115 | LSM | 37.8 | 38.1 | 38.6 | 38.1 | 38.4 | 37.9 | ||
| SE | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
| LCL | 37.4 | 37.7 | 38.2 | 37.7 | 38.1 | 37.5 | |||
| UCL | 38.2 | 38.5 | 39.0 | 38.5 | 38.8 | 38.3 | |||
| Heart rate change | time | 40 | LSM | 59.7 | 57.8 | 59.0 | 64.2 | 62.6 | 49.7 |
| SE | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | |||
| LCL | 47.9 | 46.0 | 47.2 | 52.4 | 50.8 | 37.9 | |||
| UCL | 71.5 | 69.6 | 70.8 | 76.0 | 74.4 | 61.5 | |||
| 80 | LSM | 64.3 | 61.5 | 66.3 | 70.0 | 64.3 | 57.9 | ||
| SE | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | |||
| LCL | 51.8 | 49.0 | 53.8 | 57.5 | 51.8 | 45.3 | |||
| UCL | 76.8 | 74.0 | 78.8 | 82.5 | 76.8 | 70.4 | |||
| 115 | LSM | 69.8 | 63.0 | 74.9 | 75.3 | 71.2 | 61.3 | ||
| SE | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | |||
| LCL | 57.1 | 50.3 | 62.2 | 62.6 | 58.5 | 48.6 | |||
| UCL | 82.5 | 75.7 | 87.6 | 87.9 | 83.9 | 74.0 | |||
| Rectal temperature change | time | 40 | LSM | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
| SE | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
| LCL | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | |||
| UCL | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.2 | |||
| 80 | LSM | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | ||
| SE | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
| LCL | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.9 | |||
| UCL | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.6 | |||
| 115 | LSM | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | ||
| SE | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
| LCL | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | |||
| UCL | 1.7 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.7 | |||
| Physical strain index | LSM | 5.71 | 5.59 | 7.30 | 6.33 | 6.50 | 5.77 | ||
| SE | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.41 | |||
| LCL | 4.83 | 4.74 | 6.42 | 5.45 | 5.65 | 4.89 | |||
| UCL | 6.58 | 6.44 | 8.18 | 7.21 | 7.35 | 6.64 | |||
| Thermal comfort | time | preT | LSM | 5.50 | 5.17 | 5.17 | 5.50 | 5.42 | 4.92 |
| SE | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |||
| LCL | 5.23 | 4.89 | 4.89 | 5.23 | 5.14 | 4.64 | |||
| UCL | 5.77 | 5.44 | 5.44 | 5.77 | 5.69 | 5.19 | |||
| 40 | LSM | 5.72 | 6.19 | 5.89 | 6.31 | 5.92 | 5.58 | ||
| SE | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | |||
| LCL | 5.42 | 5.90 | 5.59 | 6.01 | 5.62 | 5.29 | |||
| UCL | 6.02 | 6.49 | 6.19 | 6.60 | 6.21 | 5.88 | |||
| 80 | LSM | 5.75 | 6.17 | 6.19 | 6.44 | 5.69 | 5.97 | ||
| SE | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | |||
| LCL | 5.41 | 5.82 | 5.85 | 6.10 | 5.35 | 5.63 | |||
| UCL | 6.09 | 6.51 | 6.54 | 6.79 | 6.04 | 6.31 | |||
| time | 115 | LSM | 6.11 | 6.33 | 6.44 | 6.61 | 6.19 | 6.08 | |
| SE | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |||
| LCL | 5.85 | 6.07 | 6.18 | 6.35 | 5.93 | 5.82 | |||
| UCL | 6.38 | 6.60 | 6.71 | 6.88 | 6.46 | 6.35 | |||
| Workload (Borg scale) | 40 | LSM | 3.81 | 3.75 | 3.67 | 3.50 | 3.72 | 4.00 | |
| SE | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |||
| LCL | 3.28 | 3.22 | 3.14 | 2.97 | 3.20 | 3.47 | |||
| UCL | 4.33 | 4.28 | 4.19 | 4.03 | 4.25 | 4.53 | |||
| 80 | LSM | 4.50 | 4.75 | 4.47 | 4.39 | 4.50 | 4.83 | ||
| SE | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | |||
| LCL | 3.68 | 3.93 | 3.65 | 3.57 | 3.68 | 4.01 | |||
| UCL | 5.32 | 5.57 | 5.29 | 5.21 | 5.32 | 5.66 | |||
| 115 | LSM | 5.53 | 5.89 | 5.61 | 5.36 | 5.61 | 6.06 | ||
| SE | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | |||
| LCL | 4.67 | 5.03 | 4.76 | 4.51 | 4.76 | 5.20 | |||
| UCL | 6.38 | 6.74 | 6.47 | 6.22 | 6.47 | 6.91 | |||
| Change in Borg scale | 115 | LSM | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | |
| SE | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||
| LCL | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | |||
| UCL | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | |||
I—isotonic drink; W—water; NH—no hydration. preT—Pre-test, SE—standard errors, LSM—marginal means, LCI—lower and UCI—upper confidence intervals.