Table 1:
Comparison of cumulative mutation frequencies between Spike B cell antigen and 10 conserved non-Spike T cell antigens among 12 SARS-CoV-2 variants and sub-variants of concern, including the recent highly mutated COVID variants ‘Pirola’ BA.2.86 and JN.1 that may cause more severe disease.
| Heavily Spike-Mutated Omicron Sub-Variants | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 Antigen |
Wuhan | Alpha | Beta | Gamma | Delta | BA.2 | BA.5 | XBB.1.5 | BA2.86 | EG.5 | HV.1 | JN.1 | Total Mutations |
| Spike | 0 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 42 | 34 | 31 | 60 | 43 | 42 | 52 | 346 |
| Membrane | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 22 |
| Envelope | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
| Nucleocapsid | 0 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 57 |
| NSP-2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 21 |
| NSP-3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 58 |
| NSP-4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 18 |
| NSP-5-10 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 41 |
| NSP-12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| NSP-14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| ORF7a/b | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |