Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics at the Start of Follow-up
| Subject Characteristic | Overall (N = 26,274,544) | Frailty Regressors (N = 3,563,528) | Unchanged Frailty (N = 17,354,604) | Frailty Progressors (N = 5,356,412) | SMD for Frailty (Regressors vs. Unchanged Frailty)b | SMD for Frailty (Progressors vs. Unchanged Frailty)c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Frailty Presenta | 7.3% | 7.2% | 2.9% | 21.8% | 0.20 | 0.60 |
| Age | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 75.4±7.0 | 77.4±7.2 | 74.4±6.7 | 77.2±7.3 | 0.43 | 0.40 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 73.0 (69.0,80.0) | 77.0 (71.0,83.0) | 72.0 (69.0,78.0) | 76.0 (70.0,83.0) | ||
| (Min, Max) | (69.0,119.0) | (69.0,119.0) | (69.0,119.0) | (69.0,119.0) | ||
| Male | 43.0% | 41.3% | 43.9% | 41.3% | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 87.0% | 89.4% | 85.9% | 88.9% | 0.11 | 0.09 |
| Black | 7.0% | 6.6% | 7.0% | 6.9% | 0.02 | 0.40 |
| Other | 6.0% | 3.9% | 7.1% | 4.2% | 0.14 | 0.13 |
| Prior Myocardial Infarction | 3.5% | 8.4% | 1.0% | 8.5% | 0.35 | 0.36 |
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 4.4% | 7.5% | 2.3% | 8.9% | 0.24 | 0.29 |
| Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders or Senile Dementia | 9.5% | 16.1% | 5.2% | 19.1% | 0.36 | 0.44 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 11.3% | 20.9% | 5.9% | 22.7% | 0.45 | 0.50 |
| Cataract | 59.9% | 71.2% | 54.6% | 69.4% | 0.35 | 0.31 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 12.8% | 21.8% | 6.4% | 27.3% | 0.45 | 0.58 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 19.8% | 33.6% | 12.0% | 35.7% | 0.53 | 0.58 |
| Heart Failure | 20.8% | 38.6% | 10.9% | 41.1% | 0.68 | 0.73 |
| Diabetes | 28.0% | 38.0% | 22.5% | 39.2% | 0.34 | 0.37 |
| Glaucoma | 19.1% | 22.2% | 17.5% | 21.9% | 0.12 | 0.11 |
| Hip/Pelvic Fracture | 2.7% | 5.9% | 0.7% | 6.9% | 0.30 | 0.33 |
| Ischemic Heart Disease | 41.4% | 65.0% | 29.3% | 64.6% | 0.77 | 0.76 |
| Depression | 19.3% | 30.4% | 13.2% | 31.7% | 0.43 | 0.45 |
| Osteoporosis | 17.8% | 24.3% | 14.3% | 24.7% | 0.25 | 0.26 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis / Osteoarthritis | 43.8% | 62.6% | 34.2% | 62.4% | 0.59 | 0.59 |
| Stroke / Transient Ischemic Attack | 11.4% | 21.8% | 5.8% | 22.7% | 0.48 | 0.50 |
| Cancer | 13.3% | 19.9% | 10.0% | 19.5% | 0.28 | 0.27 |
| Anemia | 41.0% | 62.5% | 29.2% | 64.7% | 0.71 | 0.76 |
| Baseline Frailty Presenta | 7.3% | 7.2% | 2.9% | 21.8% | 0.20 | 0.60 |
| Asthma | 9.0% | 14.7% | 5.9% | 15.1% | 0.29 | 0.31 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 66.1% | 78.4% | 59.8% | 78.2% | 0.42 | 0.41 |
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | 15.3% | 20.0% | 12.8% | 20.3% | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| Hypertension | 71.3% | 88.8% | 62.0% | 89.7% | 0.66 | 0.69 |
| Acquired Hypothyroidism | 20.0% | 26.8% | 16.5% | 26.7% | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Calculated using a claims-based frailty index value ≥ 0.2.
Represents the standardized mean difference (SMD) between the frailty regressor group (claims-based frailty index slope > 0.09) vs. unchanged frailty group (claims-based frailty index slope = 0.09).
Represents the SMD between the frailty progressor group (claims-based frailty index slope > 0.09) vs. unchanged frailty group. Baseline characteristics were estimated at the end of the 5-year exposure period (i.e. the start of event follow-up). A SMD ≥ 0.1 was considered evidence of significant group imbalance and is indicated in bold font.
Numbers are listed as percentages unless otherwise indicated. SD = standard deviation, Q1 = quartile 1, Q3 = quartile 3.