Table 1.

Comparative analysis of genetic techniques, their advantages, and limitations.

S.No.	Techniques	Methods	Benefits	Disadvantages
1	Sanger Sequencing	Traditional method involving the sequencing of DNA fragments using chain-termination dideoxy nucleotides.	▪High accuracy in base calling ▪Well-established and widely used sequencing method	▪Limited throughput, suitable for sequencing suitable for sequencing small regions or individual genes ▪Relatively higher cost per base compared to NGS
2	GWAS (Genome-wide association studies)	Analyze the genetic variation across the entire genome to identify the link between specific genetic variants and a particular trait or disease.	▪High-throughput screening of genetic variation ▪Can detect common variants associated with disease risk	▪Limited ability to detect rare variants with small effect sizes. ▪Lack of functional information about identified variants
3	WGS (Whole Genome Sequencing)	Involves sequencing the entire genome to identify both coding and non-coding variants associated with disease.	▪Comprehensive coverage of entire genome including regulatory region ▪Identifies both rare and common variants	▪Higher cost and computational resources required. ▪Challenges in interpreting non-coding variants and their functional consequences
4	WES (Whole Exome Sequencing)	Focus on sequencing the protein coding region of genome to identify disease-associated variants.	▪Identifies rare coding variants with potentially large effect sizes ▪Provides information on functional consequences of variants	▪Limited coverage of non-coding regions, where regulatory variants may reside. ▪High cost
5	NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing)	Utilizes high throughput sequencing technologies to sequence DNA or RNA molecule in parallel.	▪Enables rapid sequencing of large amount of DNA or RNA ▪Offers higher sensitivity and resolution compared to traditional sequencing methods	▪Requires sophisticated bioinformatics tools and computational resources. ▪Higher cost compared to traditional sequencing methods
6	LRS (Long Read Sequencing)	Employs sequencing platforms that generate reads spanning hundreds to thousands of base pairs, providing more contiguous sequence information.	▪Enables sequencing of longer DNA fragments, allowing for better detection of structural variants ▪Facilitates assembly of complex genomic region and repetitive sequences	▪Generally lower throughput compared to short read sequencing platforms ▪Higher errors rates in reads compared to short read sequencing