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. 2024 Feb 16;25(4):2352. doi: 10.3390/ijms25042352

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Autophagy-related gene mRNA expression (RT-qPCR): The mRNA expression of beclin-1 was found to be elevated in all groups after both 6 and 12 weeks compared to the control group. However, after 6 weeks, the expression was more elevated than after 12 weeks. LC3 mRNA expression showed an increase after 6 weeks in all groups compared to the control group. However, after 12 weeks, the expression was downregulated compared to the levels observed at 6 weeks and was somewhat lower than the control group. P62 expression was elevated after both 6 and 12 weeks in all groups compared to the control group. Interestingly, after 12 weeks, the expression was more upregulated than at 6 weeks. In the SC group, contrary to expectations, the expression was more downregulated after 12 weeks compared to the TCD groups (level of significance is * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001). (B) Apoptosis-related gene mRNA expression (RT-qPCR): The mRNA expression of PARP was elevated in all groups after both 6 and 12 weeks compared to the control group. Notably, after 12 weeks, a more elevated expression was observed than after 6 weeks. In the TCD-7 and TCD-14 groups, there was no significant upregulation, whereas the SC group exhibited statistically significant upregulation after 12 weeks compared to 6 weeks. Caspase-3 mRNA expressions showed an elevation after both 6 and 12 weeks in all groups compared to the control group. However, after 12 weeks, a more upregulated expression was identified than at 6 weeks. The SC group exhibited the highest expression compared to the TCD-7 and TCD-14 groups (level of significance is * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001) (ns: No significance).

(A) Autophagy-related gene mRNA expression (RT-qPCR): The mRNA expression of beclin-1 was found to be elevated in all groups after both 6 and 12 weeks compared to the control group. However, after 6 weeks, the expression was more elevated than after 12 weeks. LC3 mRNA expression showed an increase after 6 weeks in all groups compared to the control group. However, after 12 weeks, the expression was downregulated compared to the levels observed at 6 weeks and was somewhat lower than the control group. P62 expression was elevated after both 6 and 12 weeks in all groups compared to the control group. Interestingly, after 12 weeks, the expression was more upregulated than at 6 weeks. In the SC group, contrary to expectations, the expression was more downregulated after 12 weeks compared to the TCD groups (level of significance is * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001). (B) Apoptosis-related gene mRNA expression (RT-qPCR): The mRNA expression of PARP was elevated in all groups after both 6 and 12 weeks compared to the control group. Notably, after 12 weeks, a more elevated expression was observed than after 6 weeks. In the TCD-7 and TCD-14 groups, there was no significant upregulation, whereas the SC group exhibited statistically significant upregulation after 12 weeks compared to 6 weeks. Caspase-3 mRNA expressions showed an elevation after both 6 and 12 weeks in all groups compared to the control group. However, after 12 weeks, a more upregulated expression was identified than at 6 weeks. The SC group exhibited the highest expression compared to the TCD-7 and TCD-14 groups (level of significance is * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001) (ns: No significance).