Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with and without pressure ulcers at DKUH and CNUH.
| Parameters | DKUH (n = 238) | CNUH (n = 385) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-PU (n = 199) | PU (n = 39) | p Value | Non-PU (n = 362) | PU (n = 23) | p Value | |
| Baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Sex (male) | 158 (79.4%) | 31 (79.5%) | 0.99 | 247 (68.2%) | 19 (82.6%) | 0.148 |
| Age | 54.22 ± 14.26 | 48.95 ± 17.02 | 0.042 * | 58.51 ± 15.62 | 57.00 ± 17.91 | 0.657 |
| Height | 166.85 ± 7.71 | 167.85 ± 7.51 | 0.867 | 165.00 ± 9.06 | 166.55 ± 9.54 | 0.495 |
| Weight | 65.18 ± 10.59 | 65.17 ± 11.66 | 0.996 | 64.55 ± 12.38 | 63.41 ± 9.89 | 0.680 |
| Alcohol consumption | 99 (50.0%) | 26 (66.7%) | 0.057 | 103 (28.6%) | 6 (26.1%) | 0.795 |
| Smoking status | 73 (36.9%) | 16 (41.0%) | 0.624 | 97 (27.0%) | 5 (21.7%) | 0.579 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 37 (18.7%) | 8 (20.5%) | 0.79 | 67 (18.5%) | 4 (17.4%) | 0.893 |
| Hypertension | 60 (30.3%) | 13 (33.3%) | 0.708 | 130 (35.9%) | 8 (34.8%) | 0.913 |
| Neurologic disease | 34 (17.1%) | 4 (10.5%) | 0.313 | 16 (4.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.303 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2 (1.0%) | 3 (7.7%) | 0.008 * | 38 (10.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.102 |
| Pulmonary disease | 9 (4.5%) | 4 (10.3%) | 0.15 | 25 (6.9%) | 2 (8.7%) | 0.745 |
| Clinical parameters | ||||||
| Hospital days | 53.49 ± 31.87 | 96.72 ± 67.15 | 0.000 * | 68.15 ± 42.92 | 118.17 ± 81.66 | 0.008 * |
| Braden scale | 15.48 ± 3.62 | 13.69 ± 2.45 | 0.000 * | Null | Null | Null |
| Traumatic injury | 158 (79.8%) | 33 (84.6%) | 0.487 | 199 (55.0%) | 16 (69.6%) | 0.172 |
| Mechanism of injury | ||||||
| Traffic accident | 67 (37.6%) | 14 (40.0%) | 0.581 | 59 (30.1%) | 5 (31.3%) | 0.183 |
| Falls | 58 (32.6%) | 12 (34.3%) | 48 (24.5%) | 8 (50.0%) | ||
| Hit by falling objects | 12 (6.7%) | 4 (11.4%) | 7 (3.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Sports | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Others | 41 (23.0%) | 5 (14.3%) | 80 (40.8%) | 3 (18.8%) | ||
| Combined injury | 42 (21.1%) | 13 (33.3%) | 0.098 | 56 (15.5%) | 6 (26.1%) | 0.179 |
| Number of operations | 1.13 ± 0.741 | 1.51 ± 1.048 | 0.035 * | 0.82 ± 1.01 | 0.61 ± 0.84 | 0.333 |
| Total time of operations (min) | 229.58 ± 146.85 | 256.77 ± 164.36 | 0.301 | 269.18 ± 176.42 | 245.67 ± 85.33 | 0.692 |
| GCS total | 14.69 ± 0.92 | 14.06 ± 2.76 | 0.212 | 14.00 ± 2.68 | 12.00 ± 1.41 | 0.337 |
| GCS Eye | 3.83 ± 0.44 | 3.63 ± 0.942 | 0.236 | 3.75 ± 0.87 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 0.700 |
| GCS Motor | 5.93 ± 0.30 | 5.66 ± 0.90 | 0.098 | 5.83 ± 0.58 | 6.00 ± 0.00 | 0.700 |
| GCS Verbal | 4.92 ± 0.64 | 4.78 ± 1.52 | 0.605 | 4.50 ± 1.17 | 2.00 ± 1.41 | 0.018 * |
| ISNCSCI | ||||||
| ASIA impairment scale (AIS) | ||||||
| A | 12 (6.3%) | 14 (36.8%) | 0.000 * | 23 (7.6%) | 7 (31.8%) | 0.000 * |
| B | 9 (4.8%) | 5 (13.2%) | 8 (2.6%) | 4 (18.2%) | ||
| C | 27 (14.3%) | 12 (31.6%) | 50 (16.5%) | 8 (36.4%) | ||
| D | 138 (73.0%) | 7 (18.4%) | 221 (72.9%) | 3 (13.6%) | ||
| E | 3 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| NLI (neurologic level of injury) | 9.60 ± 8.14 | 10.31 ± 7.14 | 0.612 | 10.52 ± 8.57 | 8.87 ± 6.23 | 0.241 |
| Motor | ||||||
| Motor level | 10.54 ± 8.66 | 10.46 ± 7.07 | 0.95 | 11.90 ± 8.72 | 8.96 ± 6.17 | 0.040 * |
| UER | 20.06 ± 6.68 | 18.15 ± 8.51 | 0.193 | 20.07 ± 5.21 | 14.91 ± 9.00 | 0.012 * |
| UEL | 19.13 ± 6.97 | 18.59 ± 8.15 | 0.667 | 20.07 ± 5.21 | 15.30 ± 8.77 | 0.017 * |
| UEMS | 39.07 ± 12.75 | 36.74 ± 16.54 | 0.41 | 40.15 ± 9.93 | 30.22 ± 17.65 | 0.014 * |
| LER | 18.22 ± 8.71 | 6.21 ± 8.08 | 0.000 * | 16.18 ± 7.42 | 5.96 ± 7.97 | 0.000 * |
| LEL | 17.84 ± 8.63 | 6.32 ± 8.59 | 0.000 * | 16.13 ± 7.49 | 5.39 ± 7.67 | 0.000 * |
| LEMS | 35.72 ± 16.71 | 12.50 ± 16.48 | 0.000 * | 32.31 ± 14.40 | 11.35 ± 15.54 | 0.000 * |
| Motor score, total | 74.76 ± 22.42 | 48.89 ± 20.97 | 0.000 * | 72.45 ± 18.69 | 41.57 ± 28.48 | 0.000 * |
| Sensory | ||||||
| Sensory level | 14.19 ± 10.44 | 12.69 ± 7.36 | 0.285 | 12.07 ± 9.30 | 11.83 ± 7.14 | 0.875 |
| LTR | 45.76 ± 10.40 | 39.62 ± 12.57 | 0.001 * | 39.17 ± 11.06 | 34.04 ± 11.40 | 0.032 * |
| LTL | 45.62 ± 10.61 | 39.15 ± 12.49 | 0.001 * | 39.28 ± 11.11 | 33.70 ± 10.87 | 0.020 * |
| LT, total | 91.38 ± 20.56 | 78.77 ± 25.00 | 0.001 * | 78.44 ± 21.92 | 67.74 ± 22.15 | 0.024 * |
| PPR | 45.72 ± 10.28 | 40.08 ± 12.29 | 0.003 * | 38.38 ± 11.54 | 33.83 ± 12.64 | 0.069 |
| PPL | 45.90 ± 10.59 | 39.82 ± 12.17 | 0.002 * | 38.80 ± 11.42 | 33.61 ± 11.94 | 0.036 * |
| PP, total | 91.62 ± 20.35 | 79.90 ± 24.42 | 0.002 * | 77.17 ± 22.51 | 67.43 ± 24.44 | 0.046 * |
| Sensory score, total | 183.00 ± 40.56 | 158.67 ± 49.18 | 0.001 * | 155.61 ± 43.84 | 135.17 ± 45.96 | 0.031 * |
| K-MBI | ||||||
| Self-care | 2.90 ± 1.90 | 2.33 ± 1.95 | 0.088 * | 3.12 ± 1.72 | 2.33 ± 1.97 | 0.308 |
| Bathing | 1.79 ± 1.61 | 0.64 ± 0.84 | 0.000 * | 2.15 ± 1.64 | 1.67 ± 1.51 | 0.502 |
| Feeding | 5.87 ± 3.91 | 5.10 ± 4.27 | 0.268 | 6.12 ± 3.60 | 6.00 ± 4.73 | 0.941 |
| Toileting | 4.05 ± 3.63 | 1.31 ± 1.45 | 0.000 * | 4.44 ± 3.41 | 1.83 ± 1.84 | 0.016 * |
| Stair climbing | 1.62 ± 3.04 | 0.05 ± 0.32 | 0.000 * | 1.56 ± 2.87 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.001 * |
| Dressing | 4.23 ± 3.29 | 2.36 ± 2.08 | 0.000 * | 5.12 ± 3.05 | 1.83 ± 1.84 | 0.014 * |
| Bowel management | 6.33 ± 4.13 | 2.51 ± 3.53 | 0.000 * | 6.83 ± 4.07 | 2.33 ± 3.88 | 0.015 * |
| Bladder management | 5.04 ± 4.70 | 1.08 ± 2.93 | 0.000 * | 5.76 ± 4.12 | 1.17 ± 2.04 | 0.001 * |
| Ambulation | 4.91 ± 5.40 | 0.69 ± 1.15 | 0.000 * | 5.07 ± 4.60 | 1.50 ± 1.64 | 0.002 * |
| Transfer | 6.79 ± 5.42 | 2.08 ± 2.26 | 0.000 * | 7.27 ± 5.08 | 3.67 ± 3.62 | 0.102 |
| Total | 43.53 ± 30.17 | 18.15 ± 14.92 | 0.000 * | 46.19 ± 27.48 | 22.33 ± 17.93 | 0.044 * |
| FIM | ||||||
| Eating | 4.13 ± 2.28 | 3.87 ± 2.54 | 0.556 | 4.50 ± 2.12 | 4.00 ± 4.24 | 0.773 |
| Grooming | 3.94 ± 2.21 | 3.33 ± 2.13 | 0.114 | 3.56 ± 1.92 | 2.50 ± 2.12 | 0.472 |
| Bathing | 2.63 ± 1.63 | 1.64 ± 0.78 | 0.000 * | 2.94 ± 1.59 | 1.50 ± 0.71 | 0.228 |
| Dressing upper body | 3.49 ± 1.94 | 2.67 ± 1.71 | 0.015 * | 3.72 ± 1.97 | 4.00 ± 4.24 | 0.865 |
| Dressing lower body | 3.07 ± 1.91 | 1.59 ± 0.94 | 0.000 * | 3.39 ± 1.88 | 2.00 ± 1.41 | 0.330 |
| Toileting | 3.03 ± 2.00 | 1.64 ± 0.84 | 0.000 * | 3.50 ± 1.95 | 1.50 ± 0.71 | 0.175 |
| Self-care, total | 20.29 ± 10.84 | 14.74 ± 7.72 | 0.000 * | 21.61 ± 10.86 | 15.50 ± 13.44 | 0.466 |
| Bladder control | 3.88 ± 2.76 | 1.59 ± 1.70 | 0.000 * | 4.56 ± 2.41 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.000 * |
| Bowel control | 4.46 ± 2.50 | 2.31 ± 1.94 | 0.000 * | 4.78 ± 2.37 | 1.50 ± 0.71 | 0.009 * |
| Sphincter control, total | 8.34 ± 4.88 | 3.90 ± 3.39 | 0.000 * | 9.33 ± 4.72 | 2.50 ± 0.71 | 0.000 * |
| Transfer to bed/chair/wheelchair | 3.33 ± 2.04 | 1.74 ± 0.85 | 0.000 * | 3.06 ± 1.73 | 2.00 ± 1.41 | 0.420 |
| Transfer to toilet | 3.09 ± 2.04 | 1.51 ± 0.68 | 0.000 * | 3.00 ± 1.78 | 1.50 ± 0.71 | 0.263 |
| Transfer to tub/shower | 2.93 ± 1.96 | 1.49 ± 0.64 | 0.000 * | 2.83 ± 1.76 | 1.50 ± 0.71 | 0.311 |
| Locomotion with walk/wheelchair | 3.02 ± 1.93 | 1.44 ± 0.64 | 0.000 * | 2.89 ± 1.64 | 2.00 ± 1.41 | 0.474 |
| Locomotion to stairs | 1.88 ± 1.67 | 1.05 ± 0.22 | 0.000 * | 2.00 ± 1.75 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.440 |
| Transfer/Locomotion, total | 14.25 ± 9.15 | 7.23 ± 2.72 | 0.000 * | 13.78 ± 8.16 | 8.00 ± 4.24 | 0.345 |
| Comprehension | 6.86 ± 0.61 | 6.72 ± 0.916 | 0.344 | 6.17 ± 1.76 | 4.50 ± 3.54 | 0.255 |
| Expression | 6.84 ± 0.66 | 6.69 ± 0.83 | 0.304 | 6.22 ± 1.73 | 4.50 ± 3.54 | 0.235 |
| Social interaction | 6.81 ± 0.78 | 6.67 ± 1.01 | 0.324 | 6.28 ± 1.64 | 4.50 ± 3.54 | 0.201 |
| Problem solving | 6.78 ± 0.81 | 6.67 ± 1.11 | 0.46 | 6.17 ± 1.76 | 4.50 ± 3.54 | 0.255 |
| Memory | 6.79 ± 0.74 | 6.72 ± 0.97 | 0.58 | 6.22 ± 1.73 | 4.50 ± 3.54 | 0.235 |
| Cognition, total | 33.98 ± 3.97 | 32.74 ± 6.36 | 0.248 | 31.06 ± 8.59 | 22.50 ± 17.68 | 0.235 |
| FIM, total | 76.86 ± 23.31 | 58.62 ± 13.85 | 0.000 * | 75.78 ± 26.96 | 48.50 ± 36.06 | 0.201 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||||
| White blood cells (×103/µL) | 8.87 ± 2.07 | 9.25 ± 2.13 | 0.301 | 6.95 ± 1.71 | 7.40 ± 2.53 | 0.234 |
| Red blood cells (×106/µL) | 4.08 ± 0.39 | 3.83 ± 0.46 | 0.000 * | 4.10 ± 0.47 | 3.96 ± 0.51 | 0.150 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.62 ± 1.26 | 12.06 ± 1.49 | 0.014 * | 12.57 ± 1.38 | 11.82 ± 1.33 | 0.012 * |
| Hematocrit (%) | 37.42 ± 3.49 | 35.35 ± 4.20 | 0.001 * | 37.40 ± 3.85 | 35.44 ± 3.90 | 0.018 * |
| Mean corpuscular volume (fl) | 91.77 ± 4.42 | 92.32 ± 4.22 | 0.471 | 91.41 ± 3.88 | 89.89 ± 4.81 | 0.074 |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg) | 30.95 ± 1.66 | 31.50 ± 1.70 | 0.060 | 30.68 ± 1.52 | 29.91 ± 1.61 | 0.019 * |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) | 33.72 ± 0.75 | 34.13 ± 0.88 | 0.003 * | 33.57 ± 0.69 | 33.29 ± 0.76 | 0.060 |
| Platelets (×103/µL) | 240.29 ± 56.55 | 211.94 ± 67.70 | 0.006 * | 256.03 ± 63.97 | 284.55 ± 82.67 | 0.043 * |
| Neutrophils, diff. count (%) | 60.50 ± 8.85 | 64.46 ± 8.60 | 0.016 * | 61.70 ± 7.13 | 64.88 ± 9.49 | 0.060 |
| Lymphocytes, diff. count (%) | 28.24 ± 7.71 | 24.38 ± 7.31 | 0.004 * | 27.26 ± 6.53 | 23.59 ± 8.75 | 0.011 |
| Monocytes, diff. count (%) | 7.48 ± 1.88 | 7.51 ± 1.80 | 0.938 | 7.37 ± 1.52 | 7.65 ± 1.69 | 0.394 |
| Eosinophils, diff. count (%) | 3.33 ± 1.84 | 3.40 ± 2.29 | 0.842 | 3.07 ± 1.61 | 2.87 ± 1.51 | 0.578 |
| Basophils, diff. count (%) | 0.45 ± 0.26 | 0.45 ± 0.31 | 0.985 | 0.51 ± 0.19 | 0.53 ± 0.44 | 0.792 |
| Neutrophils, diff. count (×103/µL) | 4.46 ± 1.58 | 5.23 ± 2.14 | 0.010 * | 4.47 ± 1.42 | 5.09 ± 2.41 | 0.238 |
| Lymphocytes, diff. count (×103/µL) | 1.84 ± 0.53 | 1.76 ± 0.61 | 0.420 | 1.74 ± 0.49 | 5.09 ± 2.41 | 0.028 * |
| Monocytes, diff. count (×103/µL) | 0.52 ± 0.17 | 0.56 ± 0.16 | 0.149 | 0.50 ± 0.14 | 0.55 ± 0.19 | 0.222 |
| Eosinophils, diff. count (×103/µL) | 0.21 ± 0.11 | 0.24 ± 0.18 | 0.169 | 0.19 ± 0.11 | 0.19 ± 0.10 | 0.694 |
| Basophils, diff. count (×103/µL) | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.470 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.602 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.71 ± 0.20 | 0.71 ± 0.27 | 0.902 | 2.25 ± 5.50 | 0.85 ± 1.03 | 0.000 * |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 16.11 ± 3.87 | 17.44 ± 5.61 | 0.072 | 15.23 ± 10.68 | 13.57 ± 4.23 | 0.461 |
Note: Values are presented as the number of subjects (%) or means ± standard deviations. The p values of the non-PU and PU groups were determined by the chi-squared test and independent t test; * p < 0.05. Abbreviations: PU = pressure ulcer, ISNCSCI = International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury; K-MBI = Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index; FIM = Functional Independence Measure.