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. 2024 Feb 7;25(4):2031. doi: 10.3390/ijms25042031

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Numerous CD4- CD8- double negative (DN) T cells with a mature T cell receptor (TcR) developed after vaccination. Several CD3+ T cells were CD4- CD8- DN T cells in the 19 pregnant subjects. Upper panel: percentage of DN T cells in un-stimulated PBMC compared to the percentage of DN T cells that responded to mitogenic stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28, proving the maturity of the TcR. Lower panel: CD4- CD8- DN response to spike peptide epitopes, measured as the expression of 4-1BB and CD69, the markers that we used to enumerate CD8+ CTL, suggesting that the function of these DN T cells is related to cytotoxicity. Data are presented as stimulation index (SI) values. Seventeen of 19 subjects had a significant DN spike-specific T-cell response (SI ≥ 2).