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. 2024 Feb 7;25(4):2031. doi: 10.3390/ijms25042031

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Regulatory T cells (Treg) spike and non-spike-specific were a large percentage of the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. (A) Regulatory T cells (Treg) were defined as CD4+ CD25^high. The percentage of CD4+ CD25^high Treg from un-stimulated controls and SARS-CoV-2 spike and non-spike-stimulated PBMC were compared by the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Spike-specific Treg were numerous in most subjects (Median 7.49), unless they were non-spike-specific Treg, which were less numerous regardless of previous COVID-19 infection. CCR6 was expressed in a large percentage of spike-specific and non-spike-specific Treg. (B) The characterization of memory Treg suggested very numerous T_EM spike-specific and non-spike-specific cells and T_CM spike and non-spike-specific cells, but not T_EMRA. (C) The dosage of IL-10 in PBMC culture supernatant 24 h after stimulation with peptides and tested by an ELISA confirmed that Treg were numerous in most subjects. (D) IL-10 has been measured by ELISA in culture supernatants, 24 h after stimulation with peptides.

Regulatory T cells (Treg) spike and non-spike-specific were a large percentage of the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. (A) Regulatory T cells (Treg) were defined as CD4+ CD25^high. The percentage of CD4+ CD25^high Treg from un-stimulated controls and SARS-CoV-2 spike and non-spike-stimulated PBMC were compared by the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Spike-specific Treg were numerous in most subjects (Median 7.49), unless they were non-spike-specific Treg, which were less numerous regardless of previous COVID-19 infection. CCR6 was expressed in a large percentage of spike-specific and non-spike-specific Treg. (B) The characterization of memory Treg suggested very numerous T_EM spike-specific and non-spike-specific cells and T_CM spike and non-spike-specific cells, but not T_EMRA. (C) The dosage of IL-10 in PBMC culture supernatant 24 h after stimulation with peptides and tested by an ELISA confirmed that Treg were numerous in most subjects. (D) IL-10 has been measured by ELISA in culture supernatants, 24 h after stimulation with peptides.