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Exemplary images of medical steel surfaces: polished steel (Ref) as bulk surface, nanostructured LIPSS (polished surface with laser-induced periodic surface structure) (both: LSM, VK-X200, Keyence; scale bars = 50 µm), micro-dimple cluster DC20 (polished surface with 20 µm dimple diameter), and a combination of micro-dimples and nanostructures (DC20 + LIPSS) (Both: LSM, scale bars = 200 µm; inserts SEM EVO 15, Carl Zeiss; scale bars = 10 µm).
