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Natural versus artificial structures. Comparison of nano- and microstructures of a deer antler surface (left) and a steel surface with laser-induced micro-dimple clusters combined with nanostructures from periodic surface structuring (DC20 + LIPSS) (right). This laser structure is similar to nature’s model and facilitates the best effects on initial human keratinocyte adhesion. (FE-SEM Merlin VP compact, 5 kV, HE-SE detector; 3000× magnification, scale bars = 2 µm).
