Table 3.
The preclinical and human studies showing an alteration in the expression levels of lncRNAs and their involvement in pathways related to MS.
| MS Type | Sample | Sperimental Models | LncRNAs | Role | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unspecified | blood samples | 51 MS patients and 91 controls | 2383 differentially expressed lncRNAs | Antigen processing/presentation MAPK pathway |
[124] |
| Unspecified | GSE52139 | unspecified | ↑ TUG1 ↑ ASB16-AS1 ↑ LINC01094 |
MAPK pathway Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection Human immunodeficiency virus one infection Lipids and atherosclerosis Amphetamine addiction |
[126] |
| Unspecified | blood samples | 12 males and 38 females with MS and 50 controls | ↑ NORAD ↑ RAD51-AS1 ↓ ZNRD1ASP |
MAPK pathway | [127] |
| Unspecified | GSE21942, GSE26484, GSE43591, GSE17846, GSE43590, and GSE74579 | unspecified | * XIST * OIP5-AS1 * CTB-89H12.4 |
Spliceosome RNA transport mTOR signaling pathway |
[128] |
| RRMS | blood samples | 38 female MS, 12 male MS, 37 female control, and 13 male control | ↓ LINC00305 ↓ LNC-MKI67IP ↓ HNF1A-AS1 |
NF-κB pathway | [130] |
| - | primary astrocytes | EAE model (C57BL/6 mice) | ↑ AK018453 | TRAP1/Smad pathway TGF-β/Smad pathway NF-κB p65 CBP/P300 signaling |
[131] |
| - | primary astrocytes | EAE model (C57BL/6 mice) | ↑ Gm13568 | Notch1/STAT3 pathway | [132] |
| - | spleens | EAE model (C57BL/6 mice) | ↑ Gm15575 ↑ NR_131249.1 ↓ 1110038B12Rik ↓ Gm5843 |
Th17 cell differentiation | [136] |
| Unspecified | PBMCs, GSE21942, and GSE61741 | 12 MS patients and 15 controls | ↑ LINC00649 TP73-AS1 MALAT1 |
B cell receptor signaling pathway and Epstein–Barr virus infection | [137] |
MS: multiple sclerosis; lncRNAs: long non-coding RNAs; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Th17: T helper-17; PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; *: deregulated; ↑: upregulation; ↓: downregulation.