Table 4.
The preclinical and human studies that highlight the fact that lncRNAs could potentially be used as biomarkers in MS.
| MS Type | Sample | Sperimental Models | LncRNAs | Role | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Progressive MS | CP samples | 6 MS (2 females, 4 males) and 6 controls | ↑ HIF1A-AS3 ↑ SNHG15 |
- | [138] |
| RRMS | GSE43590 and GSE43591 | 21 MS patients and 19 controls | ↑ SNHG1 | - | [142] |
| RRMS | blood | 12 male MS patients, 38 female MS patients, and 50 controls | ↑ RMRP ↑ FLICR |
- | [143] |
| RRMS | blood | 50 MS patients and 50 controls | ↑ PINK1-AS (only male) | - | [145] |
| RRMS | blood | 50 MS female patients and 50 female controls | ↑ lnc-DC | - | [146] |
| RRMS SPMS PPMS |
serum | 118 MS patients and 20 controls | ↑ BACE1-AS ↑ BC200 |
- | [147] |
| Clinically isolated syndrome RRMS in relapse RRMS in remission SPMS |
serum | 120 MS patients and 30 controls | ↓ RUNXOR | - | [148] |
| RRMS | blood | 20 MS patients and 10 controls | ↓ NR_003531.3 | - | [149] |
| RRMS | blood | 40 patients (31 female, 9 male) and 40 controls | ↓ SPRY4-IT1 (only female) ↓ HOXA-AS2 (only female) ↓ LINC-ROR (only female) ↓ MEG3 (female and male) |
- | [150] |
| RRMS | PBMCs | 50 MS patients and 25 controls | ↑ RP11-530C5.1 ↓ AL928742.12 |
- | [151] |
| MS | PBMCs | north Khorasan: 30 MS patients (30% male, 70% female) and 30 controls Sistani: 21 MS patients (30% male, 70% female) and 21 controls |
↑ THRIL (only north Khorasan) | - | [152] |
MS: multiple sclerosis; lncRNAs: long non-coding RNAs; CP: choroid plexus; RRMS: relapsing–remitting MS; SPMS: secondary progressive MS; PPMS: primary progressive MS; PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; ↑: upregulation; ↓: downregulation.