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. 2024 Jan 27;14(2):189. doi: 10.3390/life14020189

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from AMF-inoculated plants. The anti-inflammatory activities of the non-inoculated and AMF- and AMF-D-inoculated plant extracts were evaluated by assessment of the suppression of TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activation in HEK-293 cells. HEK-293 cells were co-transfected with the NF-κB-luciferase reporter and the β-galactosidase reporter constructs and, subsequently, were treated with 20 μg/mL plant extract or with 1 μM DEX for 6 h in the presence or absence of 20 ng/mL TNFα in a hormone-free medium. The results are expressed as relative luciferase activity normalized against β-galactosidase activity. The relative luciferase activity in control TNFα-minus DMSO-treated cells was set at 1. DMSO: control DMSO-only treatment; C2: extracts from non-inoculated plants grown at 24–25 °C; AMF: extracts from AMF-inoculated plants (Greek isolate); AMF-D: extracts from AMF-inoculated plants (DAOM strain); R: root extract; S: shoot extract. Bars show means and SD (n = 3). Two-way ANOVA: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 (comparison with TNFα-plus DMSO treatment).