Figure 4.

Membrane disruption models (redrawn from [201]). (A) The barrel-stave model suggests that proteins perpen-dicularly insert into the phospholipid bilayer plane, with the hydrophobic regions of protein oligomers contacting the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. (B) The toroidal pore model suggests that proteins insert perpendicular to the phospholipid bilayer, with the protein hydrophilic ends remaining in contact with the lipid head layer. (C) The deter-gent-like model, suggests that positively charged residues in the amyloidogenic protein bind to the membrane. (D) The membrane remodeling model suggests that membrane-bound peptides self-assemble into β-sheets that subsequently either form pores on the membrane surface (Pore formation model) or drag lipids out of the bilayer core (Detergent-like model). Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 26 November 2023).