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. 2024 Feb 23;16:130. doi: 10.1007/s40820-024-01341-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Brief development timeline featuring representative 3D NMS scaffolds for SCs, AIBs, metal batteries, and MABs spanning the past decade. Inset images: Ni nanopore arrays.

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [27]. Copyright 2014, Wiley–VCH; All-in-one nanopore battery array. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [28]. Copyright 2014, Springer Nature; Porous Ni scaffold. Reproduced with permission [29]. Copyright 2015, National Academy of Sciences; rGO scaffold. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [30]. Copyright 2015, Wiley–VCH; 3D nanoporous duct-like graphene. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright 2016, Wiley–VCH; N-doped hierarchically porous carbon foam. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier; Wooden carbon material frame. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry; Black TiO₂ with hierarchically ordered porous structure (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright 2017, Wiley–VCH; 3D Cu@PDMS flexible scaffold. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature; 3D printing of hierarchically porous hGO. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [21]. Copyright 2018, Wiley–VCH; Metal-free mesoporous N/E-HPC. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2019, Wiley–VCH; 3D curved Ag/NiO-Fe₂O₃/Ag hybrid nanomembranes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier; CNT@rHGO soft hybrid scaffold. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [38]. Copyright 2019, Wiley–VCH; Honeycomb alumina nanoscaffold. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [18]. Copyright 2020, Wiley–VCH; Porous Au scaffold. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [39]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; g-C₃N₄/graphene/g-C₃N₄ sandwich interconnect scaffold. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH; CNFs composite scaffold. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier; (LFP)/CNT/CNF 3D printed flexible scaffold. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2022, Wiley–VCH; Directional 3D MXene array. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2023, Wiley–VCH; 3D patterned porous interconnected Cu foam. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature