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. 2024 Feb 23;15:1683. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-45836-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Demographic history of H. hainanensis and H. reticulata (a), genetic load metrics of H. hainanensis and H. reticulata (b, c), and box plots of frequency distribution and total lengths of homozygous fragments in different length categories in the genome of each sampled tree of H. hainanensis and H. reticulata (d). a Demographic dynamics of H. hainanensis and H. reticulata were inferred with three different values of generation time (15, 20, and 30 years) using SMC++, and the Last Glacial Period (LGP) and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is highlighted in light cyan and cyan, respectively. b, c Boxplots show the accumulation of the derived deleterious mutations (DDMs) and the derived major-effect mutations (MEMs) in individuals sampled from populations of H. hainanensis and H. reticulata. Boxplots (b–d) for both H. hainanensis and H. reticulata display biologically independent samples (n = 30 and 32) as data points. The center lines, box edges, and whiskers represent medians, the 25% and 75% quartiles, and the upper and lower distribution of 1.5 times of quartile range. Source data of b–d are provided as a Source Data file.