Table 5.
Self-reported emotional and behavioral problems and self-reported temperament and character traits in youth with and without full PIU
| Total sample (N = 104) | Girls (n = 69) | Boys (n = 35) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full PIU m (SD) |
No full PIU m (SD) |
Testa | Effect-size | Full PIU m (SD) |
No full PIU m (SD) |
Testa | Effect-size | Full PIU m (SD) |
No full PIU m (SD) |
Testa | Effect-size | |
| YSR total score | 83.97 (27.83) | 61.29 (23.77) | 4.36, p < .001 | 0.88b | 87.67 (30.21) | 63.69 (23.29) | 3.59, p = .001 | 0.89b | 78.80 (24.15) | 55.55 (24.54) | 2.79, p = .009 | 0.96b |
| YSR broad-band scales | ||||||||||||
| YSR externalizing | 21.25 (9.82) | 13.69 (8.94) | 15.72, p < .001 | .134c | 22.95 (10.32) | 12.71 (8.88) | 17.60, p < .001 | .208c | 18.87 (8.86) | 16.05 (8.86) | .087, p = .359 | – |
| YSR internalizing | 32.56 (9.55) | 24.99 (11.44) | 11.50, p = .001 | .101c | 34.14 (10.40) | 27.17 (10.73) | 6.29, p = .015 | .086c | 30.33 (8.03) | 19.75 (11.65) | 9.10, p = .005 | .216c |
| YSR syndrome scales | ||||||||||||
| YSR social withdrawal | 8.06 (2.87) | 6.54 (3.47) | 5.02, p = .023 | .047c | 8.29 (3.04) | 6.71 (3.38) | 3.38, p = .070 | – | 7.73 (2.69) | 6.15 (3.73) | 1.94, p = .173 | – |
| YSR somatic complaints | 5.89 (3.03) | 4.47 (3.36) | 4.48 p = .037 | .042c | 6.05 (3.10) | 5.23 (3.47) | 0.87 p = .356 | – | 5.67 (3.02) | 2.65 (2.28) | 11.39 p = .002 | .257c |
| YSR anxious/depressed | 20.19 (6.48) | 15.26 (7.52) | 11.08, p = .001 | .098c | 21.38 (7.07) | 16.54 (6.95) | 7.02, p = .010 | .095c | 18.53 (5.36) | 12.20 (8.14) | 6.83, p = .013 | .171c |
| YSR social problems | 5.42 (3.10) | 3.25 (2.40) | 16.57 p < .001 | .132c | 5.22 (3.22) | 3.50 (2.48) | 6.62 p = .012 | .090c | 5.53 (3.04) | 2.65 (2.13) | 10.87 p = .002 | .248c |
| YSR thought problems | 3.75 (3.26) | 3.32 (2.96) | 0.45, p = .501 | – | 3.57 (3.12) | 3.73 (3.09) | 0.04, p = .846 | – | 4.00 (3.55) | 2.35 (2.43) | 2.67, p = .112 | – |
| YSR attention problems | 9.47 (3.52) | 7.00 (3.32) | 12.52, p = .001 | .109c | 9.71 (3.77) | 6.83 (3.52) | 10.54, p = .002 | .136c | 9.13 (3.23) | 7.40 (3.60) | 2.17, p = .151 | – |
| YSR delinquent behaviors | 7.58 (3.95) | 5.15 (3.67) | 9.86, p = .002 | .088c | 8.57 (3.98) | 4.54 (3.67) | 16.71 p < .001 | .200c | 6.20 (3.57) | 6.60 (3.30) | 0.12 p = .734 | – |
| YSR aggressive behaviors | 13.67 (6.79) | 8.54 (5.96) | 15.78, p < .001 | .134c | 14.38 (7.23) | 8.17 (5.70) | 14.70 p < .001 | .180c | 12.69 (6.22) | 9.45 (6.61) | 2.14 p = .153 | – |
| JTCI Temperament | ||||||||||||
| JTCI novelty seeking | 33.02 (11.12) | 27.94 (11.99) | 4.45, p = .037 | .042c | 32.14 (10.89) | 25.62 (11.25) | 5.02 p = .028 | .070c | 34.27 (11.80) | 33.50 (12.16) | 0.04, p = .853 | – |
| JTCI harm avoidance | 34.98 (7.59) | 30.04 (9.45) | 4.90, p = .029 | .046c | 35.00 (7.27) | 32.48 (8.18) | 1.48, p = .228 | – | 32.80 (8.09) | 24.20 (9.91) | 7.52, p = .010 | .185c |
| JTCI reward dependence | 40.04 (8.90) | 36.75 (12.37) | 1.98, p = .162 | - | 39.19 (8.47) | 37.17 (12.56) | 0.45, p = .503 | – | 41.20 (9.65) | 35.75 (12.17) | 2.04, p = .163 | – |
| JTCI persistence | 25.58 (9.55) | 30.99 (11.02) | 6.18, p = .015 | .057c | 22.39 (8.30) | 33.17 (9.86) | 19.15, p < .001 | .222c | 30.07 (9.64) | 25.75 (12.12) | 1.29, p = .265 | – |
| JTCI Character | ||||||||||||
| JTCI self-directedness | 22.42 (11.09) | 27.75 (10.18) | 6.07, p = .015 | .056c | 20.81 (10.24) | 26.92 (9.67) | 5.62, p = .021 | .077c | 24.67 (12.19) | 29.75 (11.31) | 1.62, p = .212 | – |
| JTCI cooperativeness | 10.44 (3.18) | 11.54 (3.13) | 2.87, p = .093 | – | 10.05 (3.26) | 11.94 (3.24) | 4.95, p = .029 | .069c | 11.00 (3.09) | 10.60 (2.70) | 0.17, p = .686 | – |
| JTCI transcendence | 19.97 (7.68) | 13.94 (7.18) | 15.83, p < .001 | .134c | 19.57 (7.55) | 14.06 (7.77) | 7.73, p = .007 | .103c | 20.40 (8.11) | 13.65 (5.67) | 8.42, p = .007 | .203c |
Statistically significant results are given in bold
at-test for YSR total score, General Linear Model (GLM) based on YSR broad-band scales (total sample): Wilks Lambda, F = 10.29, df = 2, p < .001, GLM based on YSR problem syndrome scales (total sample): Wilks Lambda, F = 3.47, df = 8, p = .001, GLM based on JTCI temperament scales (total sample): Wilks Lambda, F = 4.46, df = 4, p = .002, GLM based on JTCI character scales (total sample): Wilks Lambda, F = 6.63, df = 3, p < .001, GLM based on YSR broad-band scales (girls): Wilks Lambda, F = 9.34, df = 2, p < .001, GLM based on YSR problem syndrome scales (girls): Wilks Lambda, F = 3.34, df = 8, p = .003, GLM based on JTCI temperament scales (girls): Wilks Lambda, F = 5.67, df = 4, p = .001, GLM based on JTCI character scales (girls): Wilks Lambda, F = 4.65, df = 3, p < .005, YSR GLM based on YSR broad-band scales (boys): Wilks Lambda, F = 4.46, df = 2, p = .020, GLM based on YSR problem syndrome scales (boys): Wilks Lambda, F = 2.90, df = 8, p = .019, GLM based on JTCI temperament scales (boys): Wilks Lambda, F = 3.36, df = 4, p = .022, GLM based on JTCI character scales (boys): Wilks Lambda, F = 3.47, df = 3, p < .028
bCohen’s d, interpretation according to Cohen [69] 0.20 (small effect), 0.50 (medium effect), and 0.80 (large effect)
cPartial Eta-Square interpretation according to Cohen [69] 0 .01 (small effect), 0.06 (medium effect), and 0.14 (large effect)
YSR Youth self report, JTCI Junior temperament and character inventory