Table 3.
Recovery of13C-labelled anthocyanins and phenolic catabolites in plasma and urine collected 0–48 h after the ingestion of 1114 μmol13C5-cyanidin-3-O-glucoside by 8 subjects. Figures in italicized parentheses indicate the number of volunteers in which individual compounds were detected. Based on the data of de Ferrars et al. [97].
| 13C-Labelled anthocyanins and phenolic catabolites | Plasma |
Urine |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tmax (h) | Cmax (nmol/L) | Peak excretion (h) | Total 0–48 h recovery (μmol) | |
| 13C5-Anthocyanins | ||||
| Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | 1.8 | 141 ± 70 (5) | 1–2 | 0.24 ± 0.11 (7) |
| Cyanidin-glucuronidea | – | – | 1–2 | 0.07 ± 0.03 (5) |
| Peonidin-3-O-glucoside | – | – | 1–2 | 0.05 ± 0.02 (7) |
| Methoxycyanidin-glucuronideb | – | – | 1–2 | 0.004 ± 0.002 (4) |
| Methoxycyanidin-3-O-glucoside-glucuronide | – | – | 1–2 | 0.11 ± 0.05 (5) |
| Total anthocyanins | 0.47 | |||
| 13C2-cinnamic and phenylacetic acids | ||||
| 4′-Hydroxy-3′-methoxycinnamic acid | 8.2 | 827 ± 371 (7) | 24–48 | 4.1 ± 1.5 (8) |
| 4′-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | – | – | 4–5 | 0.33 ± 0.13 (3) |
| 3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | – | – | 24–48 | 0.18 (1) |
| Total | 4.6 | |||
| 13C2-benzoic acids and benzaldehydes | ||||
| 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 3.3 | 146 ± 74 (8) | 1–2 | 0.46 ± 0.13 (8) |
| 3/4-Hydroxybenzoic acids | – | – | 1–2 | 0.09 ± 0.03 (5) |
| 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid | 12.5 | 1845 ± 838 (2) | 1–2 | 5.6 ± 2.1 (4) |
| 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid | 2.0 | 195 (1) | 1–2 | 0.47 ± 0.32 (4) |
| 3,4-Dihydroxy-methoxybenzoic acid | 8.4 | 12 ± 5 (8) | 3–4 | 0.11 ± 0.04 (8) |
| Benzoic acid-4-glucuronide | 10.9 | 74 ± 20 (7) | 4–5 | 0.17 ± 0.06 (7) |
| 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid-4-glucuronide | 3.8 | 68 ± 61 (8) | 1–2 | 0.30 ± 0.12 (8) |
| 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-3-glucuronide | 2.7 | 11 ± 3 (5) | 1–2 | 1.8 ± 0.1 (8) |
| 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid-4-sulfate | 11.4 | 157 ± 116 (8) | 1–2 | 2.1 ± 0.8 (8) |
| 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-3-sulfate | 1–2 | 1.4 ± 0.4 (8) | ||
| 3-Methoxybenzoic acid-4-glucuronide | 4.8 | 24 ± 4 (8) | 4–5 | 1.8 ± 0.3 (8) |
| 3-Methoxybenzoic acid-4-sulfate | 30 | 430 ± 299 (4) | 3–4 | 1.8 ± 0.4 (7) |
| 4-Methoxybenzoic acid-3-glucuronide | 4.3 | 35 ± 5 (8) | 5–6 | 1.5 ± 0.3 (8) |
| 4-Methoxybenzoic acid-3-sulfate | – | – | 3–4 | 0.74 ± 0.37 (5) |
| 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | 5.6 | 667 ± 653 (7) | 5–6 | 0.08 ± 0.07 (2) |
| 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde | – | – | 0–1 | 0.05 ± 0.02 (6) |
| Total benzoic acid and benzaldehydes | 18.5 | |||
| 13C2-hippuric acid | ||||
| Hippuric acid | 15.7 | 1962 ± 1389 (8) | 6–24 | 13.3 ± 1.2 (8) |
| Total | 13.3 (1.2% recovery) | |||
| 13C3-Catabolites | ||||
| 4′-Hydroxy-3′-methoxycinnamic acid | 13.3 | 87 ± 38 (6) | 0–1 | 1.1 ± 0.9 (8) |
| 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid | – | – | 3–4 | 0.38 (1) |
| 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde | 2.8 | 582 ± 536 (4) | 6–24 | 0.42 ± 0.13 (8) |
| Total | – | – | – | 1.5 |
| Total recovery of anthocyanins and phenolic catabolites | – | – | – | 38.4 μmol, 3.4% of intake |
a
Two isomers.
b
Three isomers, – not detect/not estimated.