ALP	alkaline phosphatase protein
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
BAIBA	β-aminoisobutyric acid
BMP	bone morphogenetic protein
BMSCs	bone marrow stromal cells
Bsp	bone sialoprotein
CCL-7	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7
COL-1	collagen I
DKK-1	dickkopf-related protein 1
eEF-2	eukaryotic elongation factor 2
Erα	estrogen receptor alpha
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
EVs	extracellular vesicles
FNDC-5	fibronectin type III domain-containing 5
G6PD	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1
IL-6	interleukin 6
ILVs	intraluminal vesicles
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
Lrp-5	low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MEK-2	mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase
MHC	myosin heavy chain
miRNAs	microRNAs
Mmp-9	matrix metalloproteinase 9
MRGPRD	mas-related G protein-coupled receptor type D
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
MuRF-1	muscle RING finger 1
MVEs	multivesicular endosomes
Myf-5	myogenic factor-5
MyoD	myogenic differentiation antigen
MyoG	myogenin
NFATc1	nuclear factor of activated T-Cells, cytoplasmic 1
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-B
OCN	osteocalcin
OPG	osteoprotegerin
OPN	osteopontin
Pax-7	paired box 7
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PKB, Akt	protein kinase B
PPARδ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ
RANK	receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ-gene binding
Rrbp-1	Ribosomal binding protein 1
RUNX-2	runt-related transcription factor 2
SHP-2	Src-homology domain 2 containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase
SOST	sclerostin
STAT-5	signal transducers and activators of transduction 5
Trap	tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
YAP-1	yes-associated protein 1