AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AKT	protein kinase B (PKB)
AP-1	activator protein-1
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
BDNF	brain-derived neurotrophic factor
COX	cyclooxygenase
CNS	central nervous system
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
GDNF	glial-derived neurotrophic factor
GFAP	glial fibrillary acidic protein
GSK-3	glycogen synthase kinase-3
HD	Huntington’s disease
HO-1	hemoxygenase-1
IFN-γ	interferon-γ
IL	interleukin
iNOS	inducible NO synthase
JAK/STAT	janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
M2	anti-inflammatory microglial phenotype
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MS	multiple sclerosis
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NLRP	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain,
NO	nitric oxide
NOS	NO synthase
NPY	neuropeptide Y
Nrf-2	nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PGE2	prostaglandin E2
PI3K/AKT	phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PKB	protein kinase B (AKT)
PPAR-γ	proliferator-activated receptor γ
PRR	pattern recognition receptor
TGF-β	transforming growth factor β
TLR	toll-like receptor
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
TNFR	tumor necrosis factor receptor
TRADD	TNFR1 signal transducer
TRAF	TNFR-associated factor
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor