Table 2.

Material properties of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a polymer-based piezoelectric material, extracted from Langat et al. [8], and those of lead zirconate titanate (PZT), a ceramic-based piezoelectric material.

Material	Density	Max Operating Temperature	Piezo Strain Constant	Young’s Modulus	Thickness
PVDF Film	1780 [kg/m3]	100 [°C]	d31 = 23	2–4 [GPa]	0.052 [mm]
			d33 = −33
			[(10−12) C/N]
PZT	7870 [kg/m3]	230 [°C]	d31 = −300	62 [GPa]	0.2 [mm]
			d33 = 600
			[(10−12) C/N]