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. 2024 Feb 6;24(4):1069. doi: 10.3390/s24041069

Table 4.

Summary of PENG, TENG and hybrid PENG-TENG kinetic-energy harvesters in recent years (2019–2023).

Energy
Harvester		 Materials Position Max Output Current (Isc) Max Output Voltage (Voc) Max Power Density or Output Power Function Ref.
PENG PE braided layer, PET spacer layer, PTFE braided layer Hand tapping,
shoe insoles, fixed carpets		 0.25 μA 32.0 V 2.6 mW/m2 Charging capacitors (0.22–4.7 μF), lightning 16 LEDs, walking- and-sitting state monitoring [180]
PVDE-TrFE, gold, PI film Eye, wrist, finger, abdominal area 1.07 nA 9.39 V 2.84 μW/cm3 Charging capacitors (4.7, 6.8, 10, 22 nF and 0.1 μF), lightning LED [181]
PANI coated pure P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers, PANI coated P(VDF-TrFE)/BT nanocomposite nanofibers Arm, knee, wrist, finger, and shoe sole 3 μA 68.0 V 225 mW/m2 Charging capacitors (1.0, 4.7, and 10 μF), powering more than 10 LEDs, self-powered wearable sensor [182]
PDMS, PZT/epoxy, Ag electrode, Polycarbonate Sandwiched
spirally coiled structure—walking		 196 μA 36 V 3.72 mW/cm2 Powering 27 LEDs, energy storage (1 and 47 μF), powering hygrometer [183]
BaTiO3 nanoparticles, P9VDF-TrFE) matrix, silver flake Mounted on a sock 2 μA 6 V 1.4 μW/cm2 Self-powered gait sensor [184]
PVDF nanofibers, ZnO flakes and rGO sheets Implanted in the heart of an adult dog 3 μA 5 V 138 μW/cm3 Charging a 100 μF capacitor—powering a battery-free pacemaker [185]
PDMS-Ecoflex, LIG/PI, PVDF/CB, PVDF, PVDF/CA, PVDF-PDMS-CA MSc, Parylene C Face mask—smiling, opening mouth, breathing in/out 0.28 μA 3 V 0.85 × 10−2 μW/cm2 Smart mask coupled with energy harvesting devices—anti-infection protection [186]
PI, ITO, Cr/Al, PET, PDMS + MASnBr3 composite Finger (bending, tapping), heel (tapping, pressing) 13.76 μA/cm2 18.8 V 74.52 μW/cm2 Charging capacitors (0.11, 2.2, and 4.7 μF)—driving a stopwatch and commercial LED [187]
TENG Copper-nickel fabric, PDMS doped with BaTiO3 nanoparticles Shoe insole, energy carpet 137 μA 480 V 486 μW/cm2 Shoe insole—lightning 700 LEDs; powering a digital watch, self-powered sensing system, human-falling detection [188]
TENG—PDMS, PPy, rGO, PLA; SC—PDMS, MWCNTs, PVA/H3PO4, PPy, MnO2, rGO Woven into the fabric (forearm) 0.4 μA 50 V 17.9 μW/cm Lighting 52 LEDs, powering the electronic watch, charging capacitors [189]
CMC/WPU/PEI/SiO2@TiO2 NPs Hand, sleeve,
knee and elbow joints, shoe insole		 6 μA 204 V 1.62 W/m2 Charging capacitors (2.2, 4.7, 10 and 22 μF), powering electronic watch and calculator, self-powered strain/pressure sensor [190]
PVA/P(AM- co -AA)-Fe3+ DN gel Cheek, forehead, lower limbs, throat, palm, elbow, index finger, knee joints 1.2 μA 238 V 0.27 W/m2 Charging capacitors (1, 4.7, 22, 47, 220 μF), powering 28 LEDs, calculator, body/joint motion detection and monitoring [191]
PDMS-PTFE/AgNWs-PVA hydrogel TENG Fixed onto the fingers and soles of feet, wrist 40 μA 450 V 3.07 W/m2 Lighting 360 LEDs, self-powered sensing bracelet [192]
PVDS-coated CFP, CU-coated CFP Patch films (working individually and installed on fingers) 9.3 μA 192 V 736.7 mW/m2 Charging capacitors (1–47 μF), powering 62 LEDs, calculator, thermohydrometer and electronic watch, HMI-recognition [193]
PET, Kapton, rubber band, Ag, PET/Kapton Spacer TENG wrapped around finger, implemented into a floating backpack 26 μA 1334 V 0.5 W/m2 Lighting 360 LEDs, charging capacitors (1, 4.7, 22, 47 and 100 μF), powering electronic watch, stopwatch and calculator [194]
Mylar polyester film sheets, PET foam, Ni/Cu nonwoven polyester, PTFE film on Cu electrode Miura-Ori tube structure 131 μA 1050 V 40 mW Powering LCD, calculator, wireless temperature sensor, charging 1200 μF capacitor, commercial Li battery, heart rate monitoring [89]
Hybrid PENG-TENG Lead-free perovskite/PVDF-HFP, SEBS Top and bottom side of a shoe pad 25 μA 290 V - Powering 100 LEDs, charging capacitors (1–100 μF) [195]
PET, Copper, Kapton, PVDF, Aluminium Add-on fabric patch (knee, elbow), shoe insole 1–2 μA 1–5 V - Illuminating LED, charging a 220 μF capacitor [196]
PVDF films, Al electrode, Acrylic Shoe insole ~3 μA ~120 V 127 μW Lighting LEDs, wireless sensor network [197]
BTO-PDMS, PDMS-PTFE, Ag Kirigami patch—stretching, pressing, twisting 2 μA 255 V 7.5 W/m2 Illuminating 118 LEDs, charging capacitors (0.47, 4.7, 10, 47 μF), charging calculator, sensor [198]
PEDOT:PSS, PTFE film, Al, Au/Cr, PZT, Ag, Cu Cotton socks 4.5 μA 196 V 128 μW/cm2 Gait analysis, sweat detection, monitoring physiological signals [199]
MoS2 on Cu foil, ZnO, PVDF Heel, elbow, machine vibration 4.6 μA 140 V 256 μW/cm2 Powering 33 LEDs, calculator and wristwatch, physiological signal monitoring [200]
PTFE yarn, BaTiO3/PDMS yarn, AgNW/PDMS yarn, metal Cu wire, Cu coil-spring Stretching, bend-stretching, squeezing, tapping; knee, elbow, wrist 2 μA 400 V 91.6 mW/m2 Charging capacitors (10, 22, 33, 47, 100 μF), powering 130 LEDs, self-powered sensing device [201]