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Gut-microbiota derived metabolites involved in cardiovascular disease. High protein intake leads to an increased production of TMA and p-cresol that negatively impacts gut permeability leading to systemic low-grade inflammation. IL-1beta (Interleukin-1 beta), ICAM (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1), NF-kB (Nuclear factor kappa B), TMA (Trimethylamine), TMAO (Trimethylamine N-Oxide), TNF-alpha (Tumor necrosis factor alpha), VCAM (Vascular cell adhesion protein). ↑ denotes increase.
