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. 2024 Feb 11;17(2):236. doi: 10.3390/ph17020236

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Main equol mechanisms of action in equol-producers. Equol can increase eNOS activity resulting in higher levels of NO. This can react with superoxide producing peroxynitrite and increasing Nrf2 levels leading to upregulation of antioxidant genes. ARE (antioxidant response elements), CAT (Catalase), eNOS (Endothelial nitric oxide synthase), EC (Endothelial cell), ERK (Extracellular signal-regulated kinases), GPx (Glutathione peroxidase), HO-1 (Heme oxygenase 1), NO (Nitric oxide), PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), SOD (Superoxide dismutase). ↑ denotes increase, ↓ denotes decrease.