Table 2.

In vitro studies on nanovesicular systems for enhanced drug delivery into and across the skin.

Active Molecule	In Vitro Study	Results	Reference
Transfersome
Methotrexate	Permeation of Methotrexate through porcine skin	Improved skin permeation of Methotrexate by deformable liposomes by 4 folds in comparison with a conventional liposome	[22]
Quercetin	Wound healing assay on HaCat and Ht-144 cells	Enhanced wound healing by Quercetin Ethosomes and Transethosomes	[40]
Ethosome
Minoxidil	Permeation of Minoxidil through porcine ear skin	Improved skin permeation of Minoxidil from Ethosome by 45 times in comparison to a hydroethanolic solution	[11]
Paclitaxel	Permeation study on human stratum corneum (SC); anti-proliferative effect in squamous carcinoma cells	Significant anti-cancer effect in squamous carcinoma cell line by Paclitaxel Ethosomal system as compared to free drug	[41]
Psoralen	Permeation and penetration study using Franz diffusion cells and excised rat skin	Remarkable skin targeting, producing 2.15 times more psoralen skin deposition than liposomes	[42]
Transethosome
Fisetin	Penetration and dermatokinetic studies on rat skin by CLSM	Deeper delivery of Rhodamine B up to 70 µm compared to only 30 µm for the hydroalcoholic solution	[38]
Econazole nitrate	Skin permeation and retention studies followed by anti-fungal activity against C. albicans fungus	Transethosomal gel exhibited high ex-vivo skin retention 38.75 ± 2.88%, and superior in-vitro antifungal activity in comparison with marketed cream of econazole nitrate.	[43]
Glycerosome
Diclofenac sodium	Penetration and permeation studies on new-born pig skin	Enhanced skin drug permeation by up to 5 times in comparison with liposome	[16,27,28]
Plumbagin	Permeation study on rat skin	Enhanced skin permeation by more than 6 folds compared to Plumbagin suspension	[44]
Plurethosome
Mangiferin	Anti-inflammatory effect on 3D skin model	The anti-inflammatory effects of Mangiferin Plurethosome improved by 3 times compared to control	[18]
Niosome
Tretinoin	Permeation through silicone membrane using Franz cells	High local drug concentration. High trenitoin permeation Best formulation: TritonCG 110-Niosomes	[45]
Ammonium glycyrrhizinate	Release studies of niosomal system embedded in gel matrix	A slower diffusion rate of Ammonium glycyrrhizinate (AG) loaded in Niosomes embedded in the gel matrix as compared to non-embedded vesicles	[31]
Ibuprofen	The effect of niosome composition in the in vitro skin accumulation and transdermal permeation though rat skin	The more lipophilic the surfactant (Tw20/Chol, Tw20/Chol/Chems, Sp60/Chol, Sp60/Chol/Chems), the greater its ability to penetrate the skin	[46]