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. 2024 Feb 10;16(2):98. doi: 10.3390/toxins16020098

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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PRISMA flow chart modified by Areerat Suputtitada (AS). TENS: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; ESWT: extracorporeal shock wave therapy; rPMS: repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation; NIBS: non-invasive brain stimulation; TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation; tDCS: transcranial direct current stimulation; BoNT-A inj.: botulinum toxin A injection; DN: dry needling; ITB: intrathecal baclofen; UE: upper extremity; LE: lower extremity; WBV: whole-body vibration; and LMV: localized muscle vibration.