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. 2024 Feb 7;16(4):483. doi: 10.3390/nu16040483

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Temporal changes in serum metabolites during pregnancy. (A) OPLS-DA score plot. Heatmap exhibits the metabolite signal intensity averaged across pregnant women, showing important significant metabolites decreased (B) and increased (C) by the end of pregnancy. (D) Metabolite set enrichment analysis of pregnancy-related metabolites based on the KEGG database. The average levels of the metabolite change with advancing gestation in the clusters of steroid hormone biosynthesis (E), long-chain fatty acids (F), and tryptophan metabolism (G). The y-axis shows CLR-transformed metabolite concentrations. (H) Human disease states associated with pregnancy-related metabolites. T1: first trimester; T2: second trimester; T3: third trimester (T3); Post: postpartum.