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. 2024 Feb 18;17(2):259. doi: 10.3390/ph17020259

Figure 9.

Figure 9

Light microscopic images of TNF-α-stained large intestine sections in the different studied groups. (a) Group I shows a negative TNF-α immune reaction in the surface epithelium and all colonic glandular cells. (b) Group II shows a strong positive TNF-α immune reaction in the form of a brown cytoplasm of the surface epithelial and glandular cells (yellow arrows). (c) Group III exhibits a negative TNF-α immune reaction expression in all mucosal cells. (d) Group IV shows no TNF-α immune reaction in the majority of cells and a weak immune reaction in a few glandular cells (arrows). (e) The area percentage of TNF-α in all groups. Mean ± SD is used to express the data. Statistical comparison was performed using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons. The single asterisk represents a significant change, and the abbreviation NS represents a non-significant change (p < 0.05). (TNF-α immune reaction in cell immunostaining × 400, scale bar = 50 μm).