Table 1.
Summary of risk factors for exposure to Leishmania spp. and medical conditions known to tamper with the immune system response.
| Risk Factors | Patient 1 | Patient 2 | Patient 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leishmania previous infection | No | No | No |
| Last travel in endemic area | Greece (October 2019) |
Albania (August 2021) |
Greece (August 2021) |
| Previous imported infections | None | None | None |
| Pets or animal exposure | Domestic dog | None | Domestic dog |
| Previous opportunistic infections | VZV, hHSV-1 | None | VZV |
| HIV-antibodies | Negative | Negative | Negative |
| Autoimmunity markers | RF + | RF +, dCT +, ANA +, ↓ C3-C4 | RF +, dCT +, ANA + |
VZV: Varicella Zoster Virus; hHSV: human Herpes Simplex Virus; RF: Rheumatoid Factor; dCT: direct Coombs Test; ANA: anti-nuclear antibodies; +: positive; ↓: low sera levels.