Figure 2.

Pharmacological classification of conotoxins according to their gene superfamilies and cysteine framework. Pharmacological families are defined by Greek letters (α, μ, δ, ι, ω, ε, κ, ρ, χ, γ, τ, σ, and φ), gene superfamilies by Arabic capital letters (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, etc.), and cysteine frameworks by roman numbers (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, etc.). Identified biological targets may be linked to one or several pharmacological families (i.e., voltage-gated Na⁺ channels are targeted by µ-, δ-, and ι-conotoxins) [3,5,10].