Figure 1.

The timeline of important methods or tools in protein structure prediction. Different methods or tools are denoted by different colors: template-based modelling (TBM) methods are represented by red, free modeling (FM) methods by gray, contact-based methods by yellow, distance-based methods by blue, end-to-end-based methods by cyan, protein language model (PLM)-based methods by purple, and multi-domain methods by green, while other important methods or events are highlighted in white. Note that some methods may be categorized under two or more groups, but we only highlighted the most important category for each method.