Table 1.

A selection of digital twins review papers.

Application Area	Key Contributes	Gaps/Opportunities Identified	Ref.
General Applications	Reviews covering concepts, key enabling technologies, and implementation of digital twins, including challenges and prospects across multiple domains	The need for standardization, data availability, processing power, interdisciplinary collaboration, and development of reference frameworks and performance metrics	[12,13,14,15]
Smart Manufacturing	Reviews digital twins integration in Industry 4.0 and digital supply chains and their optimization potential	The need for design frameworks, early detection of design flaws, clarity in research focus, and organized research environment	[16,17]
Smart Grid and Smart City	Review of digital twins in energy management and infrastructure durability	Challenges in data management, analysis, real-time interaction, and effective distributed sensing updating	[18,19]
Agriculture	Current trends, roadmap, and open questions in digital twins for agriculture	The need for automated decision-making support and complex examples	[20,21,22]
Smart Healthcare	Review of digital twin applications in precision medicine, clinical trial design, hospital operations, and platforms supporting mobile health applications	Technical, regulatory, and ethical challenges in healthcare digital twins	[23,24]
Education	Review of digital twins in remote and virtual laboratories	Integration of digital twin concepts into educational systems	[25]