Table 6.

A selection of research articles covering healthcare and human-centric digital twin research.

Domain	Physical Asset	Sensors	Physical–Digital Data Flow	Form of Digital Asset	Research Objective	Ref.
Cardiology	Human Heart	ECG sensors	ECG data and medical records	Heart condition visualization and analysis available for local and remote diagnosis	Proof of concept version of the Cardio Twin	[46]
Cardiology	Human heart and cardiac electrophysiology	Clinical 12-lead ECG and magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging	ECG data and CMR imaging	Biophysically detailed cardiac twin including Purkinje networks and cardiac electrophysiology	Create personalized, multiscale biventricular heart models for in silico clinical trial	[47]
Rural health	Patients in rural areas	Healthcare IoT sensors and medical devices	Sensor readings	Blockchain-encrypted medical data and analysis	Integrate healthcare IoT data with blockchain for secure and efficient data management in rural healthcare	[48]
Space medicine	Medical training environment	Mixed reality (e.g., HoloLens) and haptic devices	Digitized real-world training scenarios and learner’s real-time input	Interactive training with virtual feedback integrated into real-world scenarios	Develop a mixed-reality-based medical training platform for astronauts	[49]
Education	Remote lab of a production cell	Onboard sensors for equipment control and monitoring	Sensor readings	Interactive interface with multimodal visualizations	Apply the digital twin concept in a hybrid remote laboratory for various learning scenarios	[50]
Human–robot collaboration	Battery pack assembly line	Force/torque sensor	Fusion of sensor readings and production data (e.g., idle times)	Visualization and analysis of the human–robot collaboration assembly line	Design, develop, and operate an agile, adaptable, and safe human–robot collaborative system	[51]