Table 7.
A selection of infrastructure and transportation digital twins research.
| Domain | Physical Asset | Sensors | Physical–Digital Data Flow | Form of Digital Asset | Research Objective | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infrastructure modeling | Campus buildings | LiDAR | Point cloud data | Virtual replicas of large campus infrastructure | Assess and implement reconstruction methods to create digital twins of large infrastructure using point cloud data | [54] |
| Transportation infrastructure | Magnetic levitation track | Cameras and LiDAR | Fusion of 2D images 3D point clouds | Detailed digital representation with macroscopic to microscopic perspective analysis | Fuse 2D image and 3D point cloud to create a digital twin model of magnetic levitation track | [55] |
| Urban logistics | Urban infrastructure and logistics systems | Sensors, actuators, and logistic system documentation | Sensor readings reflecting the state of the logistic system | Interactive dashboards with metrics and logs to inform policy making | Propose a platform architecture for digital twins in urban logistics, addressing gaps in simulation model orchestrations and data transformation | [56] |
| Factory logistics | Assembly line with Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) | Sensors for AGV tracking and monitoring | Sensor readings and documentation of assembly logistics | Data model, simulation analysis, and virtual action model of the assembly line | Develop and apply an AGV multi-objective dynamic scheduling method based on digital twins to improve logistics efficiency | [34] |
| Transportation planning | Long-distance freight flows with various transport modes | IoT sensors, GPS, and GIS | Real-time data inputs from transport modes | Virtual infrastructure visualization and transportation mode analysis | Explore the potential of digital twins in synchromodal transport for long-distance freight flows | [57] |
| Smart agriculture | Cyclone bag filter in grain milling plants | Pressure sensors and anemometer | Real-time sensor readings | Computational fluid dynamics simulation of cyclone bag filter for RUL prediction | Apply digital twins for predictive maintenance of the cyclone bag filter system | [58] |